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TRACK  OF  STEAMSHIP  CITY  OF  CLEVELAND 
ON  CRUISE  AROUND  THE  WORLD. 


AROUND  THE  WORLD 

DENTISTRY 


BY 
HENRY  LOVEJOY  AMBLER,  M.S.,  D.D.S.,  M.D.,  D.H. 

AUTHOR  OF 

TIN  FOIL  AND  ITS  COMBINATIONS  FOR  FILLING  TEETH. 

FACTS,  FADS  AND  FANCIES  ABOUT  TEETH. 

HISTORY  OF  THE  NORTHERN  OHIO  DENTAL  ASSOCIATION. 

MEMBER 

NATIONAL  DENTAL  ASSOCIATION. 

OHIO  STATE  DENTAL  SOCIETY. 

NORTHERN  OHIO  DENTAL  ASSOCIATION. 

CLEVELAND  CITY  DENTAL  SOCIETY. 

IN  PREPARATION: 

HISTORY  OF  DENTISTRY  IN  CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 


ILLUSTRATIONS  BY  THE  AUTHOR. 


cleveland,  ohio. 

The  Judson  Printing  Co. 

1910 


^D  DOO  ^i^^^  '^y  ^^^  ^^^  land,  and  crossing 
the  equator  twice,  and  looking  for 
dentistry  all  the  time,  is  what  the  writer  has 
been  doing,  and  he  proposes  in  the  following 
pages  to  present  a  brief  sketch  of  dentistry  as 
he  found  it,  together^wit^  several  "snap  shots" 
which  have  never  appeared  in  public. 


Copyrighted  1910,  by 

HENRY  LOVEJOY  AMBLER. 

All  rights  reserved. 


The  Hamburg--American  Steamship  Cleveland  left  New 
York  October  i6th,  1909,  with  six  hundred  and  fifty  passengers, 
bound  on  a  cruise  around  the  world,  and  let  it  be  said,  that  this 
is  the  first  time  that  any  ship  with  a  load  of  passengers 
ever  went  entirely  around  the  world.  It  remained  for  the  Yan- 
kees (Clark's)  to  inaugurate  such  a  stupendous  undertaking. 
Eight  days  out  from  New  York  we  arrived  at  Madiera,  a  pro- 
vince of  Portugal.  Funchal,  the  main  city,  beautifully  set  in  a 
background  of  loity  hills,  has  about  50,000  inhabitants,  includ- 
ing seven  or  eight  hundred  English,  but  the  natives  generally 
are  in  a  state  of  ignorance  and  superstition.  According  to  the 
laws  of  Portugal,  no  one  can  practice  dentistry  without  passing 
an  examination  in  the  medical  school  of  Lisbon,  Coimbra  or 
Oporto. 

The  dentist  (Jayme  De  Sa),  whom  we  saw  here  two  years 
ago,  has  departed,  leaving  the  field  to  Agevedo  Ramos,  who  is 
a  native  but  took  his  D.  D.  S.  in  Chicago;  his  office  is  in  the 
third  story  of  a  good  building  in  the  busy  part  of  the  citv. 

In  Gibraltar,  F.  B.  Bostwick,  D.  D.  S.,  has  an  office  on  the 
main  street;  the  double  door  opens  onto  the  sidewalk,  and  on 
one  door  there  is  ani  oblong,  well-polished  brass  plate,  viz. :  Dr. 
F.  B.  Bostwick,  D.  D.  S.,  Dentist;  you  have  to  ring  the  bell 
before  you  can  enter,  then  go  up  one  flight  of  stairs  to  his  office, 
which  is  a  good  one ;  we  were  told  he  was  the  best  in  the  city 
of  28,000  population.  Gibraltar  is  the  key  to  the  Mediterranean 
and  to  the  commerce  of  nations,  and  is  owned  by  the  British. 

Joseph  Vazquez,  Surgeon-Dentist  in  Gibraltar,  has  an  office 
on  the  main  street,  the  door  of  a  hallway  opens  onto  the  side- 
walk, and  on  the  building  on  a  large  brass  plate  appears  his 
name  as  above.  Go  up  one  flight  of  stairs  to  his  office,  which 
is  in  a  two-story  building — this  is  the  height  of  most  of  the  build- 
ings on  the  street. 

We  took  a  snapshot  of  the  brass  plate  and  doorway. 

We  saw  a  sign  on  a  window,  viz. :  Barber — Shampooing — 
Teeth  Extracted.  We  saw  Parke,  Davis  &  Co.'s  preparations  on 
sale  here  in  drug  stores. 


Naples  occupies  one  of  the  most  beautiful  sites  in  the  world 
and  has  a  population  of  about  564,000,  including  ninety  dentists, 
among  whom  are  no  Americans,  one  Englishman,  two  Germans, 
one  of  whom  has  his  wife  for  an  assistant,  and  A.  Augusto,  D. 
D.  S.  (U.  S.  A.),  the  rest  are  mostly  natives.  The  best  dentists 
here  generally  have  offices  in  their  residences,  still  there  are  a 
great  many  who  have  offices  in  public  buildings.  Here  is  a  pic- 
ture of  a  sign  sixteen  feet  long. 


OFFICE  FROXT  OF  JOSEPH  VASOUEZ. 


For  the  second  time  in  two  years  we  called  on  Dr.  Vincenzo 
Guerini,  Surgeon-Dentist  of  the  Surgical  Clinic  of  the  univer- 
sity, appointed  to  the  Royal  House,  editor  of  the  Journal 
L'Odonto  Stomatologia.  He  has  a  beautiful  suite  of  offices  and 
several  assistants.  Again  we  saw  the  life-size  bronze  bust  of 
the  lamented  Dr.  W.  D.  ^filler,  but  the  bust  of  Dr.  T.  W.  Brophy 
had  been  sent  to  him  in  Chicago. 


DEXTAL    SIGN   IX   NAPLES. 


OFFICE  OF  DR.   GUERINI,  NAPLES. 


If  a  native  studies  for  six  years  and  graduates  as  an  M.  D. 
he  is  entitled  to  practice  medicine,  surgery  or  dentistry.  If  an 
alien  wishes  to  practice  dentistry,  he  must  pass  an  examination 
and  obtain  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  one  of  the  Royal  Italian 
universities.  The  government  has  appointed  a  special  commis- 
sion for  the  purpose  of  drafting  a  special  dental  law,  and  many 
hope  to  see  a  dental  college  established  on  the  plan  of  the  Amer- 
ican dental  college.  Port  Said  has  three  dentists,  Jean  M. 
Anagnostopoulo,  N.  Gallery,  George  Stamphi.      Luxor  one,  As- 


OFFICE   OF  DR.   STFFN,   CAIRO. 

souit  two,  Assouan  one,  Suez  two,  Tantah  four,  Zagazig  one. 

There  were  no  dental  "ads"  in  the  directories  of  any  of  the 
above  places. 

In  Alexandria  there  are  twenty-two  dentists ;  among  them 
A.  F.  Leuty,  an  American,  who  has  relatives  in  Gleveland,  Ohio. 
Among  others  are  Mile.  Florence,  J.  Antonopoulo,  N.  Haviaro- 
poulos,  G.  Mastorakis,  A.  Tambacopoulo.  C.  Ash  and  Sons 
have  a  dental  depot  here. 


PYRAMIDS— CAIRO. 

From   left   to   right : — Miss    Hills,    Mrs.    Ambler,   H.    L,.    Ambler. 


Cairo,  with  a  population  of  about  750,000,  has  fifty-seven 
dentists,  among  them,  F.  H.  Henry,  who  was  graduated  from 
the  Kansas  City  Dental  College,  and  has  been  here  about  six 
years.  J.  Francis  Steen,  from  Toronto,  successor  to  Charles  Fa- 
ber,  has  been  here  two  years,  and  is  finely  located  opposite  Shep- 
heard's  Hotel,  in  a  fashionable  part  of  the  city 


DAXIELE  GALLERY'S  SIGN,  CAIRO. 

There  are  three  native  dentists  here  who  went  to  the  United 
States  for  a  degree  and  then  returned  to  practice ;  among  the 
other  dentists,  several  nationalities  are  represented,  as  can  easily 
be  inferred :  A.  Alcee,  J.  Bauer,  C.  Bertomy,  M.  Ciardi  Ciardo, 
H.  Demirdjan,  Aly  El  Bakey,  G.  Flexor,  D.  Maria  Glantz,  Mile. 
S.  Hekimian,  Henriette  Hornik,  Mile.  A.  Pantazopoulon,  Mme. 
E.  Stein.  Many  of  these  have  good  offices  and  equipment.  Dan- 
iele  Callery,  Surgeon-Dentist,  has  a  sign  (French  and  Arabic) 
several   feet  wide,   which   reaches    across   the   street. 

10 


Dr.  Gatineau  keeps  in  a  drug  store  window  for  an  "ad"  a 
g-lass-covered  frame  about  ten  by  twelve  inches,  which  contains 
twelve  macroscopic  sections  of  human  teeth  and  six  teeth  with 
gold  shell  crowns.  The  following  picture  shows  Mr.  L.  Nadel, 
the  druggist  (chemist  here),  in  the  courtyard  of  his  store  hold- 
ing the  elass  case  referred  to  so  that  the  writer  could  get  a 
snap-shot. 


L.    XADIiL,    CAIRO. 

In  the  dental  depot  of  Ash  &  Sons  we  saw  Tricresol  and 
Formalin,  the  combination  prepared  by  Dr.  Buckley  of  Chi- 
cago; also  the  orthodontia  appliances  of  Dr.  Angle,  and  several 
of  White's  productions,  and  a  foreign  atlas  of  Radiographs, 
showing  the  development  of  the  first  and  second  denture ;  also 
the  Zepto  Antiseptic  Tartar  Remover  which  is  a  pencil  made  of 
fine  tooth  powder,  held  together  with  a  binding  substance.  'Tt 
will  whiten  the  teeth  and  is  harmless  in  every  particular.  When 
the  point  is  worn  off  it  can  be  sharpened  with  a  knife.     Moisten 

11 


the  end  of  the  pencil  in  water,  and  rub  the  teeth  with  medium 
pressure  until  the  tartar  is  removed — any  child  can  use  it." 

Sabas  J.  Mohbat  has  a  large  hosiery  store  in  connection 
with  a  few  dental  goods  ;  here  we  saw  Oxapara  from  Ransom 
and  Randolph;  Cavitine,  files,  carborundum  wheels  from 
White's,  and  a  German  punch  for  punching  holes  in  metal  back- 
ings, exactly  the  size  of  the  pins  and  their  distance  apart  in 
the  artificial  tooth ;  it  was  a  simple  instrument,  but  eft'ective. 

We  saw  a  placard,  viz. :  ''Customers  are  requested  to  pay 
prompt  cash  their  purchase  in  precious  metals." 


MUMMY  OF  RAMSe;S   II. 

Mr.  Mohbat  said  there  was  kind  of  a  dental  college  in  Con- 
stantinople in  connection  with  the  medical  college,  and  that  since 
the  young  Turks  came  into  power,  that  anyone  who  wishes  to 
practice  dentistry  must  pass  an  examination  before  the  Medico- 
Dental  Board ;  a  dentist  from  Cairo  cannot  go  to  Constantinople 
and  practice  without  first  passing  this  board.  No  dental  college 
in  Cairo,  and  practically  no  dental  books  for  sale. 

A  person  who  presents  a  genuine  diploma  from  a  regularly 
incorporated  and  properly  recognized  dental  college  in  the  United 
States  can  practice  dentistry  here  upon  application  and  identifi- 
cation at  the  Sanitary  Department. 

12 


"One  day  we  went  to  see  one  of  the  oldest  gates  in  Cairo, 
which  is  supposed  to  be  haunted  by  an  evil  spirit.  Several  old 
women  approached  the  gate  cautiously,  spit  three  times  over 
their  left  shoulder,  to  exorcise  the  demon,  and  then  peered  be- 
hind the  door  with  much  the  same  expression  that  some  of  their 
sex  in  the  Occident  assume,  when  they  look  timidly  under  a 
bed  at  night.  They  wanted  to  see  if  the  evil  spirit  was  at  home, 
but  the  demon  was  evidently  out  that  day.  Accordingly,  the 
women  left  what  answered  for  their  cards.  One  inserted  in  a 
crevice  of  the  gate  an  old  tooth,   and  hobbled  away,   believing 


MUMMY  OF  PRIKST. 

she  would  thenceforth  have  no  toothache ;  another  tied  a  lock 
of  hair  to  a  rusty  nail,  believing  this  would  exempt  her  from 
headache." — Stoddard. 

In  the  great  Egyptian  museum  we  saw  the  mummy  of 
Ramses  the  Second  (19th  dynasty),  and  it  looked  as  if  during 
the  process  oi  mummification  there  had  been  a  paste  used  which 
at  present  covers  all  the  teeth  except  one-half  of  the  upper  right 
cuspid  and  a  portion  of  the  buccal  surface  of  a  bicuspid.  The 
mummy  is  five  feet  and  eight  inches  in  height. 

The  mummy  of  Mahir  Pra  (jpriest)  of  the  eighteenth  dy- 
nasty shows  three  upper  incisors  which  are  very  good  and  have 

not  been  filled. 

13 


The  mummy  of  Lady  Amanit,  a  priestess  of  Hathon,  has 
the  mouth  partly  open  showing  a  full  denture  of  good  teeth, 
without  any  fillings  as  far  as  we  could  observe.  This  mummy 
w^as  reclining  in  a  glass  case,  but  as  tourists  are  not  allowed  to 
carry  cameras  into  the  museum,  and  no  official  had  photographed 
her,  we  are  unable  ta  present  her  picture. 

Mummies  generally  do  not  show  their  teeth,  because  they 
were  covered  with  embalming  paste,  or  the  lips  have  not  shrunken 
enough  to  show  them. 

Some  of  the  dentists  here  advertise  by  having  large  glass 
cases,  outdoors  fastened  to  the  wall,  filled  with  dental  speciijiens. 
We  present  a  picture  of  one. 


CASE  OF  DEXTAL  SPECIMENS. 


^Mohammedans  were  formerly  forbidden  to  have  a  tooth 
extracted  without  permission  from  the  Sultan.  Mahomet  re- 
quired the  faithful  to  wash  their  mouths  three  times  before  en- 
tering a  mosque. 

Here  we  purchased  a  book  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  pages 
bound  in  paper  and  entitled  Prompt  Aid  to  the  Injured;  it  is  a 
translation  into  Arabic  of  a  book  sold  in  the  United  States  un- 
der a  similar  title,  and  many  of  the  illustrations  are  just  the 
same.  We  saw  Glycothymoline,  Listerine,  and  other  United 
States  dentifrices  for  sale  in  the  pharmacies. 

In  speaking  about  oriental  dentistry,  Sir  Henry  Layard 
says:     "I  had   slept  little,   as   I   was   suffering  from  toothache. 

14 


The  Sheik  declared  there  was  a  skillful  dentist  in  the  encamp- 
ment, and  I  made  up  my  mind  to  put  myself  in  his  hands.  He 
was  accordingly  sent  for  and  proved  to  be  a  tall,  muscular  Arab, 
whose  instruments  consisted  of  a  short  knife  or  razor  and  a  kind 
of  iron  awl.  He  bade  me  sit  on  the  ground,  and  then  took  my 
head  firmly  between  his  knees.  After  cutting  away  the  gums 
he  applied  the  awl  to  the  roots  of  the  tooth,  and,  striking  the 
other  end  of  it  with  all  his  might  expected  to^  see  the  tooth  fly 
into  the  air,  but  it  was  a  double  one,  and  not  to  be  removed  by 
such  means.  The  awl  slipped  and  made  a  severe  wound  in  my 
palate.  He  insisted  on  a  second  trial,  declaring  he  was  sure  to 
succeed,  but  the  only  result  was  that  he  broke  ofif  a  large  piece 
of  the  tooth,  and  I  had  suffered  sufficient  agony  to  decline  a 
third  experiment." 

Bombay,  India,  population  about  800,000,  has  about  150 
dentists ;  Americans,  D.  H.  Davidson,  Chicago  Col.  Dent.  Sur. ; 
H.  P.  Neeper,  Dent.  Col.,  Keokuk,  Iowa;  W.  N.  Winder,  St. 
Louis  University;  one  Australian  with  his  D.  D.  S.  from  the 
United  States;  six  others  are  English,  and  the  rest  are  natives, 
bad  and  indifferent.  Fees  of  American  dentists  are  about  viz. : 
Gold  fillings,  $3.00  to  $8.00 ;  amalgam  or  cement,  $3.00 ;  extrac- 
tion, $3.00;  upper  or  lower  denture  on  vulcanite,  $40.00. 

Missionaries  receive  a  reduction   from  the  above   fees. 

While  the  writer  was  there,  a  meeting  was  held  of  the  Bom- 
bay branch  of  the  British  Medical  Association,  before  which  was 
being  considered  a  bill  "For  the  Registration  of  Medical  Prac- 
titioners in  Bombay,"  but  as  for  dentistry,  anybody  who  pleases 
can  try  to-  practice.  No  dentists  advertise  in  the  city  directory, 
but  some  of  the  English  and  native  dentists  have  a  standing 
''card"  in  the  daily  paper. 

If  there  are  any  dental  books  here  they  are  published  in 
English. 

No  dental  journal,  college  or  society,  so  far  as  we  know, 
in  India. 

The  American  dentists  operate  by  appointment,  and  they 
say  patients  seldom  fail  to  keep  their  dates.  There  are  many 
Parsees  here,  but  they  are  very  clannish,  and  only  patronize  a 
Parsee  dentist.  In  Dr.  Winder's  office  we  saw  a  circular  fan  20 
inches  in  diameter,  mounted  on  an  upright  base  which  stood  on 
the  floor;  it  was  run  at  a  slow  speed  by  a  kerosene  oil  lamp, 
which  heated  the  air  inside  of  a  cylinder. 

15 


There  is  a  surgical  supply  house  here  which  keeps  a  few 
dental  goods  from  S.  S.  White,  London  and  Berlin ;  we  saw  gold 
foil  cylinders  from  Carl  Wolrab,  Leipzig. 

We  present  a  picture  of  Khunderao  Dentist  (at  the  right) 
and  his  brother,  taken  on  the  street  around  the  corner  from  his 
office,  and  another  picture  of  the  brother,  who  is  a  dentist,  stand- 
ing in  front  of  the  office ;  on  the  roof  is  a  sign  in  English,  Hindu 


KHUNDERAO  AND  HIS  BROTHER. 


and  Arabic.  After  "going  the  rounds"  we  must  admit  that  this 
office  caps  the  climax.  The  office  ( ?)  front  is  under  the  sign, 
and  it  only  presents  the  appearance  of  a  black  hole. 

This  office  is  at  the  edge  of  the  sidewalk,  on  a  busy  street, 
and  is  about  six  feet  high,  five  long  and  four  wide,  and  is  built 
of  boards ;  about  two  and  one-half  feet  above  the  sidewalk  is  the 
floor  of  the  office  on  which  the  dentist  and  his  patients  sit,  as 
there  are  no  chairs  or  stools ;  hanging  on  the  wall  is  a  small  glass 

16 


case  with  a  few  pairs  of  forceps  and  crude  instruments  and  a 
full  denture  on  vulcanite.  He  showed  me  a  letter  in  reply  to 
one  he  wrote  to  the  Consolidated  Dental  Manufacturing  Co.  of 
New  York;  he  chews  betel  nut,  which  produces  an  expectoration 
about  the  color  of  strong  tobacco  juice;  this  makes  his  teeth  a 
dark  brownish-yellow  and  finally  black ;  he  wears  a  small  black 
skullcap,   a  loose  dark   colored   cotton   shirt  and  trousers,    and 


KHUNDERAO'S    OFFICE. 

over  all  a  thin,  black  coat.  The  betel  nut  is  used  by  a  great 
many  men,  and  some  women,  in  tropical  countries  as  a  substi- 
tute for  tobacco.  It  is  sold  at  small  native  stands  and  by  street 
peddlers.  The  "chaw"  is  made  up  viz. :  An  oblate  green  leaf 
with  a  peppery  taste,  about  two  by  three  inches  taken  from  a 
climbing  vine  called  Piper,  is  placed  in  the  hand  and  the  upper 
side  of  the  leaf  is  partly  daubed  with  a  paste  of  lime  (sometimes 
made  by  burning  coral),  then  over  this  is  daubed  a  paste  of 
some  aromatic  herb  (which  has  the  odor  of  allspice),  or  a  little 

17 


catechu,  or  myrrh,  or  tobacco,  flavoring  it  to  suit  their  cus- 
tomers, then  on  all  this  is  placed  some  small  pieces  of  betel  nut 
and  the  leaf  is  folded  into  a  small  triangular  fprm  ready  to  be 
placed  between  the  cheek  and  teeth;  if  the  vendor  of  such 
"chaws"  makes  up  any  in  advance,  he  puts  a  small  wooden  pin 
into  the  leaf,  after  he  folds  it,  so  as  to  keep  it  from  unfolding. 
Of  course,  the  pin  is  removed  before  placing  the  "chaw"  in  the 
mouth.  The  betel  nut  grows  in  clusters  on  a  small  slim  tree, 
called  the  Areca  nut  palm ;  it  has  a  thick  husk,  inside  of  which 
is  a  nut  about  the  size  of  an  ordinary  nutmeg  (of  which  it  re- 
minds us),  the  nut  is  generally  cut  into  thin  slices  before  being 
used. 

In  a  volume  entitled  "Imperial  Guide  to  India,"  appears 
the  following:  "J.  M.  Tarachand,  Dental  Surgeon  (from  Guy's 
Hospital,  London),  Albert  building,  Hornby  road,  Fort  Bom- 
bay. The  best  dental  establishment  in  Bombay  where  high- 
class  dental  work  is  done." 

An  "ad"  from  a  Bombay  daily  newspaper,  viz. :  "Dental 
Surgeon,  M.  S.  Nicholson,  best  artificial  teeth  guaranteed  to  fit 
well,  painless  extraction  under  local  anesthetics,  decayed  teeth 
permanently  filled  in  with  silver,  cement  or  gold,  37  Hornby 
Road."  Several  resident  American  dentists  in  different  parts 
of  India  told  the  writer  that  there  was  no  dental  law,  and  from 
what  he  has  seen  he  is  fully  prepared  to  believe  it.  We  note 
that  W.  H.  Michael,  in  regard  to  India,  says :  "Regularly  grad- 
uated dentists,  before  they  can  practice,  must  take  out  a  license, 
which  is  simply  a  municipal  tax."  Yes,  but  what  about  the 
thousands  of  irregulars  who  never  saw  or  even  heard  of  a  dental 
college?  We  saw  Glycothymoline,  Sozodont,  Colgate's  and 
Graves'  dentifrices  for  sale  here. 

The  fakirs  in  India,  in  order  to  gain  respect,  sympathy  and 
backsheesh  (tips),  will  hold  a  piece  of  red-hot  iron  between 
their  teeth  until  it  becomes  cold.  The  snake  charmers  extract 
the  venomous  fangs  of  poisonous  snakes  before  they  perform 
with  them ;  nevertheless  20,000  persons  die  here  yearly  from 
snake  bites. 

The  rosary  is  generally  worn  in  Eastern  countries  by  Budd- 
hists, Hindus,  Mohammedans,  etc.,  and  the  beads  are  made  of 
stone,  wood,  bone,  ivory,  coral  or  pearl,  but  some  use  human 
teeth  in  place  of  beads.  These  rosaries  are  used  to  tally  their 
worship,  and  the  number  of  beads  in  a  rosary  varies  greatly. 

18 


•  Mr.  E.  S.  Wright  says :  "At  Delhi  the  Hindoo  men  go 
to  the  well — generally  a  pool — and  sit  on  the  steps  with  their 
feet  in  the  water  and  take  their  brass  bowls  and  pour  water 
over  their  naked  bodies,  and  the  surplus  runs  back  into  the  pool, 
then  they  take  another  bowl  full  and  rinse  out  their  mouths  and 
clean  their  teeth  and  spit  the  surplus  into  the  pool ;  then  they 
take  a  bowlful  of  this  water  to  drink.  After  this  the  women 
come  and  fill  brass  jars  with  water  and  carry  it  away  for  domes- 
tic use." 

In  India  we  saw  the  seller  of  lemonade  with  his  gaily  deco- 
rated glass  vessel  on  his  back,  and  his  clinking  brass  cups  in 
his  hand,  shouting,  "A  remedy  for  the  heat — cheer  up  your  hearts. 
Take  care  of  your  teeth."  Dr.  L.  told  the  writer  that  he  saw 
a  native  bathing  in  the  Irawaddy  river,  and  when  he  had  finished 
he  dipped  his  finger  and  thumb  in  the  mud  and  scoured  his 
teeth. 

Agra,  India,  has  about  180,000  population,  mostly  natives, 
and  only  four  dentists,  all  of  whom  are  natives  and  have  learned 
what  little  they  know  about  dentistry  from  some  itinerant  dentist 
who  has  been  in  the  city,  or  else  they  have  gone  to  Bombay  (849 
miles  away)  and  worked  in  some  dental  office  for  a  short  time 
and  then  returned  home  and  put  out  their  sign  as  dentist.  This 
they  can  easily  do,  as  there  is  no  law  to  prevent  anybody  from 
practicing — or  trying  to. 

Wazirkhan  is  the  name  of  one  of  the  dentists.  Pasted  on 
the  wall  of  an  old  one-story  building  we  saw  a  large  piece  of 
paper,  on  which  was  printed.  Painless  Dentistry.  Occasionally 
an  English  dentist  comes  here  and  stops  at  the  hotel,  and  prac- 
tices for  a  few  weeks. 

This  is  the  city  where  the  Taj-Mahal  (Tomb  of  Mahal), 
the  most  magnificent  architectural  structure  in  the  world,  is 
located. 

The  island  of  Ceylon  is  two  hundred  and  forty  by  one  hun- 
dred and  seventy  miles,  and  is  a  British  crown  colony,  the  pre- 
vailing languages  are  Portuguese,  Singalese  and  Eurasian,  but 
thousands  speak  more  or  less  English.  The  capital  is  Colombo, 
which  has  about  150,000  population,  of  which  two  thousand  are 
white,  and  among  them  are  ten  Americans.  Drs.  Arthur  and 
Atkins  Smith  (brothers)  have  been  here  five  years.  They  also 
have  offices  at  Kandy  and  Nuwara  Eliya.  The  latter  is  a  health 
resort,  six  thousand  feet  above  sea  level.  They  were  both  grad- 
uated from  the  Pennsylvania  Col.  Dent.   Surgery. 

19 


Among  other  cards  in  a  frame  in  the  most  fashionable  Galle 
Face  (hotel),  their  cards  appear,  viz.:  D.  Arthur  Smith,  D. 
D.  S. ;  W.  Atkins  Smith,  D.  D.  S.,  room  ten,  Grand  Oriental 
Hotel,  Colombo;  and  occasionally  this  card  appears  in  the  news- 
paper. There  are  also  three  Enghsh,  one  German  and  twenty 
native  dentists;  the  latter  advertise  more  or  less  in  the  newspa- 
pers, and  their  fees  are  from  one  rupee  (32c)  up,  according 
to  the  wealth  of  the  patient,  and  we  heard  that  the  work  was  as 
poor  as  the  price. 

Fees  of  American  dentists  are  about  ten  rupees  each  for 
amalgam  or  cement  fillings,  or  extracting,  and  about  twenty  ru- 
pees for  a  gold  filling. 

Fees  for  gold  or  vulcanite  prosthesis  vary,  according  to  the 
ability  of  the  patient  to  pay.  Part  of  an  "ad"  in  a  newspaper 
here  is,  viz. :  "Our  teeth  are  not  so  obliging  as  to  decay  only 
in  places  where  we  can  conveniently  reach  them  with  the  tooth 
brush.  Odol  destroys  the  microbes  and  arrests  all  bacterial  and 
fermentation  processes  which  attack  the  teeth.  It  follows  that 
every  one  who  used  Odol  regularly  every  day  takes  the  greatest 
care  of  his  teeth  and  mouth  that  scientific  discovery  has  up  to 
the  present  time  made  possible."  With  this  "ad"  was  a  "cut" 
of  a  cuspid  and  molar.  The  only  law  here  regarding  dentistry 
provides  that,  "Dentists  must  not  administer  anesthetics." 

Kandy  (Ceylon),  with  a  population  of  about  11,000,  has  an 
American  dentist.  Dr.  Hacha,  who  was  graduated  from  the 
dental  department  of  the  Aledico  Chirurgical  College,  Philadel- 
phia.    He  has  been  here  about  one  year,  and  is  homesick. 

Dr.  Wm.  Macleod,  a  Scotchman,  who  was  graduated  from 
the  dental  department  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, Atlanta,  comes  here  every  two  months  from  his  other 
office  up  in  the  mountains. 

This  is  the  town  which  has  been  made  famous  by  contain- 
ing The  Dalada  Maligawa  (Temple  of  the  Tooth  of  Buddha), 
To  us  the  tooth  looked  like  a  blunt  "cuspid,"  carved  in  ivory 
about  three  inches  long  and  correspondingly  thick.  From  our 
present  knowledge  of  human  anatomy  we  fail  to  see  how  any 
human  being  could  have  grown  such  a  tooth.  The  pictures  of 
the  tooth  make  it  look  more  like  an  incisor  than  a  cuspid. 
Buddha  must  have  had  a  sweet  tooth,  because  it  is  preserved 
in  Kandy. 

In  the  Temple  of  the  Sacred  Tooth  is  an  image  of  Buddha 
cut  from  a  single  block  of  crystal,  and  another  carved  out  of  a 

20 


BUDDHA. 


single  emerald.  The  temple  is  built  of  granite,  with  a  large 
amount  of  quasi-Hindu  ornamentation,  and  is  in  fairly  good 
condition,  and  is  often  referred  to  as  the  Tooth  Shrine. 

The  legend  of  the  Sacred  Tooth  is  viz. :  It  was  brought  to 
Ceylon  early  in  the  third  century  by  the  Princess  Kalinga,  who 
concealed  it  in  her  hair.  It  was  taken  by  the  Malabarsin,  13 15 
A.  D.,  and  again  carried  to  India.  Years  later  Bahu  Third  re- 
covered and  secreted  it,  but  in  1560  it  was  rediscovered  by  the 
Portuguese,  taken  to  Goa  and  burned  by  the  Archbishop  in  pres- 
ence of  the  Viceroy  and  Court.  Not  at  all  discouraged,  Wi- 
krama  Bahu  manufactured  another  tooth  from  a  piece  of  dis- 
colored ivory.     This  is  very  large  and  is  encased  in  gold  bands, 

21 


and  guarded  on  an  altar  in  the  "holy  of  holies,"  and  every  even- 
ing at  sunset,  when  the  doors  are  opened,  receives  the  worship 
and  offerings  of  flowers  from  the  faithful  (women  predominat- 
ing), who  crowd  the  corridors  w^hen  the  evening  bells  are  struck. 
The  herd  of  one  hundred  sacred  elephants  is  brought  out  every 
year  when  the  tooth  is  escorted  through  the  city  streets  in  grand 
procession. 

The  temple  has  a  courtyard  surrounding  it,  the  outer  walls 
of  which  are  decorated  with  hideous  frescoes  of  the  various 
punishments  inflicted  in  Buddhist  hell.     The  Tooth  is  preserved 


TEMPLE  OF  SACRED  TOOTH. 


in  a  gold  and  jeweled  shrine,  covered  by  a  large  silver  bell,  in 
the  center  of  an  octagonal  tower  with  pointed  roof. 

The  kings  and  priests  of  Burma,  Siam  and  Cambodia  send 
regular  yearly  tribute  to  the  Temple  of  the  Sacred  Tooth,  and 
more  or  less  reverence  is  paid  to  it  in  India,  China  and  Japan. 
In  October,  1909,  the  newspapers  stated  that  Dr.  D.  B.  Spooner 
had  recently  discovered  in  an  ancient  shrine  part  of  the  cre- 
mated remains  of  Buddha,  who  died  482  B.  C.  Probably  this 
is  true,  because  portions  of  his  remains  were  buried  or  en- 
tombed in  eight  different  places. 

Calcutta,  with  a  population  of  about  900,000,  has  five  Amer- 
ican, four  English,  and  twenty  native  dentists.  Among  the  for- 
mer are  D.  R.  and  M.  L.  Smith,  graduates  of  the  Indiana  Dental 
College.     They  have  several  rooms  and  assistants.     Among  the 

22 


latter  is  V.  Smith,  a  graduate  of  the  dental  department  of  the 
University  of  Michigan.  Fountain  cuspidors,  foot  engines  and 
lathes  are  in  evidence,  but  some  say  they  use  electric  engines 
and  lathes.  Drs.  Smith  have  their  residence,  office,  laboratory 
and  dental  depot  in  the  same  building  on  a  good  street.  In  the 
depot  they  have  goods  from  White  and  Ash,  and  here  we  met 
(almost)    Dr.    F.    G.    Hawks  worth,    who   is    doing  this   Eastern 


NATIVES  WORSHIPING  SACRED  TOOTH. 


country  for  The  S.  S.  White  Company.  The  Smiths  also  have 
a  branch  office  in  Darjeeling.  Boyes  and  CoUis  have  the  Amer- 
ican D.  D.  S.  Wood  and  Ranger  (English)  is  the  oldest  firm 
here.  They  have  a  formal  appointment  on  the  staff  of  the  ^led- 
ical  College  of  Calcutta,  and  receive  a  salary  from  the  English 
government  for  giving  some  lectures  in  the  college  and  doing 
more  or  less  dentistry  in  the  free  clinic.  They  have  held  the 
above  appointment  for  several  years.  Some  of  the  American 
and   English    dentists   have    a    "card"    in   the   newspaper.     Fees 

23 


among  these  are  about  viz. :  Amalgam  or  cement  filling  or  ex- 
tracting a  tooth,  $1.50;  partial  set  on  \ailcanite,  $10.00:  full  up- 
per or  lower,  $20.00.  One  said  he  used  a  centrifugal  casting 
machine.  Saw  the  Cosmos,  Brief  and  Items  in  one  or  two 
offices. 

Some  of  the  native  dentists  worked  for  a  time  for  some  Amer- 
ican or  English  dentist,  then  they  open  an  office  for  themselves, 
as  there  are  no  dental  laws.     They  advertise  some  in  the  news- 


OFFICE    OF    i;OYFS    AXD    COLITIS. 

papers,  and  their  prices  are  about  viz. :  Amalgam  or  cement 
filling  or  extracting,  one  rupee  (32c)  ;  vulcanite  upper  or  lower, 
$8.00;  vulcanite  with  one  tooth,  $2.00  or  $3.00.  Most  of  these 
natives  chew  betel  nut,  a  description  of  which  we  have  already 
given.  Some  of  them  repair  watches,  etc.,  as  you  will  see  from 
the  following  "ad"  copied  from  a  newspaper :  Pebble  Spec 
should  be  at  once  used  if  there  is  a  slightest  defect  in  your  eye- 
sight.    Chakravabti  Bros.,  Dentists,  Opticians,  27  College  street. 

24 


The  card  of  another  native  (old  settler),  viz.:  Dr.  P.  Hal- 
dar,  V.  L.  M.  S.,  Surgeon-Dentist,  Teacher,  Calcutta  Medical 
Institution,  19  Bowbazar  street  and  i  Gunga  Narian  Dutt's 
Lane,  Patriaghatta.  Part  of  a  newspaper  "ad,"  viz. :  A  few 
drops  of  "Floriline"  on  a  tooth  brush  produces  a  pleasant  lath- 
er, which  cleanses  the  teeth  from  all  parasites  or  impurities, 
hardens  the  gums,  prevents  tartar,  stops  decay  and  makes  the 
teeth  pearly-white. 


OFFICE  OF  DASS,  DASS    AND  CO. 


Another  newspaper  "ad,"  viz. :  Dental  Notice.  Dr.  C.  D. 
Boyes,  D.  D.  S.  (U.  S.  A.),  and  Dr.  Arthur  Collis,  D.  D.  S. 
(U.  S.  A.),  L.  D.  S.,  R.  C.  S.  (Eng.),  Medalist,  Charing  Cross 
Hospital  (London),  No.  2  Chowringhee.  Hours  of  consulta- 
tion 9  A.  M.  to  5  P.  M. 

Dass,  Dass  &  Co.  are  native  dentists,  and  we  present  a  pic- 
ture of  their  office  front,  which  is  three  feet  above  the  street  and 
has  double  doors  locked  with  a  padlock. 

25 


We  saw  on  sale,  Glycothymoline,  Colgate's  and  Graves' 
dentifrice. 

In  many  places  in  India  a  twig  of  the  Nim  (tree),  after 
the  bark  is  pulled  off,  is  used  as  a  tooth  brush  (?),  then  it  is 
thrown  away.  About  50  of  these  twigs  can  be  had  for  one  cent, 
and  they  are  sold  at  a  few  dental  depots,  and  occasionally  in  the 
Orient  they  are  furnished  free  to  guests  in  hotels.  These 
brushes  (?)  are  made  from  twigs  five  or  six  inches  long,  one 
end  is  sharpened  to  a  point,  for  a  toothpick,  and  the  other  is  split 
into  fine  fibres,  and  when  saturated  in  a  liquid  is  soft  enough  to 
use  as  a  substitute  for  a  bristle  brush. 

Here  we  purchased  a  "palate  brush,"  which  consists  of  a 
small  tuft  of  bristles  about  the  size  of  the  end  of  an  ordinary  lead 
pencil,  mounted  at  a  right  angle  on  the  end  of  a  bone  handle 
six  inches  long. 

The  Bengal  Surgical  Works  manufacture  all  sorts  of  surgi- 
cal, dental  and  veterinary  instruments.  J.  C.  Sirkar,  manager. 
Ashby  &  Co.,  dentists,  have  an  "ad"  in  the  city  directory,  viz. : 
"High  class  mechanical  dentistry  from  impression  or  model ;  re- 
duced price,  superior  work;  also  manufacturers  and  dealers  in 
all  sorts  of  tooth  powder,  soap,  washes,  pastes,  brushes  and  anti- 
septics, etc.     Try  them." 

Rangoon  (Burma)  has  a  population  of  325,000,  which  in- 
cludes about  5,000  Europeans.  R.  H.  Langdale  (Ohio  Col. 
Dent.  Sur.),  H.  B.  Osborn  (Uni.  Pa.),  and  E.  R.  Gray  are 
associated  together  here,  and  also  in  Assam  and  Simla.  They 
have  been  here  for  three  years,  and  are  doing  well.  They  take 
the  Cosmos  and  Outlook.  Dr.  Osborn  gave  the  writer  the  in- 
formation herein,  and  also  a  specimen  of  native  dentistry,  con- 
sisting of  three  incisors  carved  from  one  block  of  ivory  which 
had  been  worn  for  several  years,  being  held  in  place  with  liga- 
tures which  passed  through  a  hole  drilled  horizontally  through 
the  base  of  the  block,  the  ends  of  the  ligature  being  tied  around 
the  adjoining  natural  teeth.  This  specimen  was  made  by  a  man 
who  combines  dentistry  and  carpentry.  It  is  very  badly  discol- 
ored, because  the  wearer  chewed  betel  nut. 

W.  M.  Cameron,  an  American,  who  graduated  in  Philadel- 
phia,  Pa.,  just  came  here  to  begin  practice. 

Fees  among  the  American  dentists  are  about  viz :  Amalgam 
or  cement  filling,  or  extracting  a  tooth,  five  rupees  (one  rupee 
is  thirty-two  cents)  ;  partial  set  on  vulcanite,  fifteen  rupees,  and 

26 


five  rupees  for  each  additional  tooth  up  to  anything  less  than  a 
whole  upper  or  lower,  for  which  latter  they  get  sixty  rupees. 
A  few  plates  are  made  of  dental  alloy,  and  a  very  few  of  gold, 
each  swaged.  The  missionaries  here  (who  are  largely  Amer- 
ican) receive  a  rebate  of  about  one-third  on  the  above  fees. 

The  Chinamen  here  are  among  the  wealthiest  class,  and 
often  they  will  pay  for  gold  fillings  and  bridge-work.  Pyorrhea 
is  prevalent  among  the  natives,  and  also  among  the  Europeans 
who  have  been  here  for  some  years. 

Dr.  Rainsford,  an  English  dentist,  practices  here,  and  also 
two  Eurasians,  and  about  twenty  natives.  Diatoric  teeth  made 
by  Ash  are  used  very  largely  for  partial  and  full  dentures.  No 
dental  depot  here.  Most  supplies  come  from  Smith  Brothers, 
Calcutta. 

Native  dentists,  Chinese  included,  will  mount  one  tooth  on 
vulcanite  for  two  rupees,  and  their  other  operations  are  in  keep- 
ings with  this  attenuated  fee.  One  of  them  practices  dentistry 
and  carves  in  stone,  and  here  follows  the  "ad"  of  ariother,  clipped 
from  the  newspaper :  "Highest  Class  Mechanical  Dentistry, 
Vulcanite,  Dental  Alloy,  Gold  combinations.  Tubes  and  Gum 
sections.  Repairs  to  all  above,  plastic,  Gutta  Percha,  Metallic 
Amalgam  fillings.  Punctuality  Guaranteed.  Best  Materials 
only  used.  Teeth  carefully  Extracted  Chang  Why  Sun  and 
Son,  Dentists  and  Photographers." 

In  India  there  is  no  dental  journal,  no  society  and  no  law. 
An  illustration  of  the  way  some  natives  look  at  dentistry  is 
found  in  the  following :  A  native  came  into  the  office  and  told 
Dr.  Osborn  he  wanted  to  buy  an  outfit  to  practice  dentistry,  and 
the  doctor  pointed  to  his  chair,  engine,  and  diflr'erent  instruments, 
and  asked  him  if  he  knew  what  any  of  them  were  for.  He 
replied  that  he  did  not,  so  the  doctor  advised  him  to  abandon 
the  idea  of  trying  to  be  a  dentist.  In  Dr.  O.'s  office  we  saw  pic- 
tures of  Drs.  Truman,  Kirk,  Smith,  Wright  and  Cassidy. 

In  Mandalay,  Burma,  in  the  grounds  of  the  Royal  Palace, 
is  a  high  tower — or  temple — which  stands  inside  of  the  east 
gate — in  which  a  tooth  of  Gaudamas  Buddah  was  enshrined. 

Singapore  (an  island  OAvned  by  the  British)  has  a  popula- 
tion of  about  300,000,  including  about  2,500  whites  and  1,500 
soldiers. 

American  and  European  dentists,  viz. :  E.  G.  Curry  from 
University    Pa. ;    Naughton    from    Philadelphia    Dental    College ; 

27 


Bowes  from  Royal  College  Dental  Surgery,  Toronto ;  Butler 
from  dental  department  Guy's  Hospital,  London.  Some  of  the 
above  subscribe  for  the  Cosmos  or  Digest.  The  Japanese,  Chi- 
nese and  Indian  dentists  (?)  number  about  one  thousand — so  a 
dentist  informed  me — and  we  can  understand  it  might  be  true, 
because  there  is  no  law  to  prevent  anyone  from  trying  to  prac- 
tice, but  they  are  contemplating  the  attempt  to  pass  a  law  ;  neither 
is  there  any  fee  bill  among  the  good,  bad,  or  indifferent  dentists. 
Some  of  the  signs  were,   viz. :     Ah   Sin   Shoo  Gun,   Ladv 


TEMPLE    IN    MANDALAY. 


Dentist ;  Miss  Fambou,  Lady  Dentist ;  Fones  Brothers,  Crown 
and  Bridge  Work ;  Extraction  Painless  by  a  Japanese  dentist. 
Living  here  is  expensive,  and  the  best  offices  are  in  some  good 
building  on  a  main  street. 

We  saw  on  sale  Glycothymoline,  Sozodont,  and  Colgate's 
dentifrices. 

This  is  the  greatest  tin  market  in  the  world,  because  it  is 
found  throughout  the  Malay  peninsula  and  on  several  adjoin- 
ing islands.  We  saw  a  specimen  of  ore,  in  a  private  collection, 
from  the  Bundi  mine,  which  weighed  two  hundred  and  fifty 
pounds,  and  another  in  the  museum,  which  weighed  twelve  hun- 

28 


dred.  There  are  dozens  of  tin  (teemah)  mines,  but  at  present 
a  large  portion  of  the  ore  comes  from  the  northwestern  part  of 
the  Malay  peninsula.  The  companies  owning  and  working  the 
mines  are  mostly  English.  The  most  primitive  way  of  getting 
tin  is  by  placer  mining,  which  is  carried  on  to  a  slight  extent  at 
this  time;  another  way  is  "open  mining" — digging  into  a  moun- 
tain side  and  picking  and  blasting  away  the  rocky  ore;  another 
way,  introduced  by  the  English,  is  to  sink  a  shaft  and  use  the 
modern  methods  of  mining.  This  has  only  been  partially  suc- 
cessful on  account  of  the  opposition  of  the  natives.  The  ore 
obtained  by  the  last  two  methods  is  crushed  and  the  impurities 
removed,  then  the  tin  is  melted  and  run  into  ingots  of  various 
sizes.  In  riding  on  the  cars  from  Singapore  to  Johore  we  saw 
"open  mining"  going  on.  The  English  have  several  large  com- 
panies here  which  control  tin,  gutta  percha  and  rubber,  of  which 
we  secured  several  specimens.  Guthrie  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  with  head- 
quarters in  London,  was  established  in  1821. 


TIN    MINES— S]E;LANG0'R. 

Most  of  the  mining  is  done  by  the  Chinese  on  shares,  and 
on  an  island  near  Singapore,  The  Straits  Trading  Co.  have  large 
crushers  and  smelters  getting  out  tin  bullion.  The  tin  from  the 
island  of  Banka  near  by  is  the  nearest  pure,  and  it  is  from  this 
that  Ambler's  cohesive  tin   foil  is  manufactured. 

29 


Major  Woodruff  suggests  tin  foil  as  a  lining  for  hats  in 
the  tropics,  as  it  is  a  protection  from  the  chemical  rays  of  the 
sun.  Singapore  handles  about  $50,000,000  worth  of  tin  yearly, 
and  about  one-half  of  it  comes  to  the  United  States.  At  pres- 
ent a  ton  is  worth  about  $700.00,  but  it  varies  in  price.  At  a 
little  shop  we  purchased  several  rough  tin  castings  of  miniature 
cats,  dogs  and  birds. 

Batavia,  the  chief  city  of  Java  (south  of  the  equator,  and 
owned  by  the  Dutch),  has  a  population  of  about  one  hundred 
and  twelve  thousand.  Of  this  number  about  eleven  thousand 
are  Europeans.  There  are  seven  good  dentists  here,  among 
them,  A.  L.  J.  C.  van  Hasselt,  a  native  of  Holland,  who  studied 
at  home  and  afterward  at  the  Chicago  College  of  Dental  Sur- 
gery, where  he  was  graduated  in  1900.  Then  he  came  here  and 
took  an  office  in  a  nice  bungalow,  where  he  also  resides ;  the 
office  and  laboratory  are  "up  to  date"  in  equipment,  and  he  is 
the  first  one  so  far  that  I  have  actually  seen  using  an  electric 
engine  at  the  chair.  He  is  practicing  (some)  orthodontia  after 
the  C.  S.  Case  method;  there  being  no  dental  depot  here,  he 
orders  a  large  stock  of  materials  from  Roujoux  and  Tollig, 
Paris ;  he  subscribes  for  the  Cosmos,  and  has  for  an  assistant  a 
very  bright  Chinaman. 

There  is  a  Board  of  Dental  Examiners  here,  composed  of 
three  M.  D's.  and  Dr.  Hasselt,  which  gives  an  examination  in 
the  theory  and  practice,  and  grants  a  certificate  to  successful 
candidates,  but  this  only  permits  them  to  practice  in  Java. 
Graduates  of  dental  colleges  in  the  United  States  or  Europe 
must  pass  the  board  here  or  in  Holland  before  opening  an  office. 

The  Japanese  are  positively  required  to  take  the  same  ex- 
amination. Probably  there  are  fifteen  persons  here  who  call 
themselves  dentists,  the  greater  part  of  them  being  Chinese, 
who  charge  "any  old  price"  for  what  they  do,  which  mainly 
consists  of  extracting,  with  an  occasional  attempt  to  make  a 
"plate."  The  sign  of  one  consisted  of  an  oblong  shield  of  thick 
brass,  on  one  side  of  which  was  the  name  of  himself  and  father, 
on  the  other  side  was  painted  several  Chinese  "lucky  charac- 
ters," then  the  lower  part  of  the  brass  plate  had  seven  holes 
drilled  through  it.  Into  these  holes  were  tied  strings,  each  of 
which  held  seven  human  teeth,  and  he  wanted  ten  dollars  for  his 
sign,  because  it  had  been  in  the  family  so  long  that  if  he  sold  it 
he  would  lose  his  good  luck.     In  his  four  by  six  office  he  had 

30 


several  bottles  of  medicine  (mostly  in  form  of  powder),  labeled 
in  Chinese.  On  a  shelf  we  saw  some  roots  and  part  of  a  snake's 
skin ;  these  he  uses  to  doctor  his  patients  with.  His  dress  is  a 
suit  of  cheap  sleeveless  Pajamas,  and  the  brass  sign  referred 
to  shows  as  a  white  spot  over  his  right  shoulder. 


CHINESE  DENTIST  (?)— BATAVIA. 


We  called  on  another  cheap  Chinese  dentist  on  the  same 
street  (but  this  one  had  a  coat  on),  and  he  has  a  sign  like  the 
one  just  described,  but  he  said  he  would  not  sell  it,  still  after 
considerable  quibbling — through  an  interpreter,  which  we  took 
with  us — he  set  a  fabulous  price  on  it,  so  we  decided  to  get 
along  without  it.  It  seems  to  be  difficult  to  obtain  a  picture 
of  a  Chinese  dentist,  because  they  are  so  superstitious.  We 
hired  a  carriage  and  a  guide  and  drove  six  miles  to  get  the  pic- 
ture shown  here.  This  is  a  sample  of  the  difficulties  and  ex- 
pense we  incurred  several  times  during  "the  cruise." 

31 


Thus  far  it  has  been  impossible  or  impracticable  to  make 
these  fellows  cease  their  slaughter.  Anyhow,  they  only  work 
on  the  very  poorest  classes,  who  otherwise  would  not  get  any- 
thing in  the  way  of  dentistry. 

In  the  harbor  we  saw  a  French  steamship,  named  Lemaire; 
thus  forcibly  reminding  us  of  the  dentist  by  the  same  name  who 
came  to  America  with  the  French  army  in  1781. 

A  large  part  of  the  island  of  Borneo  is  owned  by  the  Dutch, 
but  the  northwestern  part  is  owned  by  the  English,  who  have 
large  coal  mines,  and  the  port  is  Labuan,  with  about  1,500  pop- 
ulation, including  forty-five  whites ;  most  of  the  remainder  came 
from  the  Malay  states  or  China.  There  is  no  dentist  here,  and 
as  far  as  we  are  aware  never  has  been  as  a  permanent  resident. 
About  three  years  ago  an  English  dentist  came  here  and  re- 
mained a  few  weeks,  during  which  time  he  was  busy.  All  the 
dentistry  done  here  consists  of  extracting,  which  can  be  done 
by  R.  E.  Adamson  (Edinburgh,  M.  D.),  or  A.  Cleverton  (Lon- 
don, M.  D.),  as  they  are  permanent  residents,  and  also  have 
medical  charge  of  the  coal  miners.  There  are  no  laws  restrict- 
ing the  practice  of  dentistry,  and  no  license  is  required. 

A  great  many  native  men  and  women  chew  betel  nut — a 
description  of  which  we  have  given — and  we  do  not  see  that 
their  teeth  are  any  more  than  fairly  good,  as  we  saw  numbers 
of  middle  aged  and  elderly  people  who  had  lost  one  or  more 
teeth,  and  the  remaining  ones  were  more  or  less  incrusted  with 
salivary  calculus.  We  saw  several  of  the  business  men  who 
were  wearing  gold  shell  crowns  which  they  had  obtained  when 
in  Singapore. 

For  the  entertainment  of  the  six  hundred  and  fifty  Amer- 
icans who  were  on  the  "cruise,"  a  band  of  thirteen  warriors 
were  brought  to  Labuan  from  the  interior,  and  of  all  the  sights 
we  saw  of  anything,  anywhere,  this  for  us  capped  the  climax. 
The  teeth  of  the  younger  members  were  quite  good,  none  had 
been  lost,  but  two  of  the  older  wild  men  had  lost  several.  The 
chief  of  this  tribe  was  about  forty-five  years  old,  and  his  upper 
incisors  and  cuspids  had  been  cut  down  two-thirds  of  the 
way,  gingivally,  with  a  stone  or  half  round  file,  leaving  the  sur- 
faces quite  smooth  and  crescent  shaped.  After  the  prize  spear 
throwing,  shooting  arrows,  sham  battles  and  war  dances,  we 
took  a  "snap-shot"  of  the  chief  and  his  lieutenants. 

The  idea  in  cutting  the  teeth  in  above  manner  is  to  pro- 

32 


duce  an  appearance  of  ferociousness.  This  tribe  of  wild  men  is 
called  "Head-hunters,"  because  a  man  is  not  allowed  to  marry 
until  he  can  present  the  head  of  an  enemy  to  his  betrothed,  and 
when   they  kill  an   enemy  they  cut  off  the  head   and   carry   it 

away. 

The  lieutenants'  teeth  were  badly  discolored  with  betel  nut 
and  incrusted  with  calculus,  but  they  had  not  been  filed  or 
ground,  and  they  were  somewhat  younger  and  had  a  full  upper 
and  lower  dentures.     So  far  as  we  are  aware,  nobody  has  ever 


CHIF,F  OF  HFAD  HUNTERS  AND  TWO  NFAR  CHIEFS. 


taken  pictures  just  like  the  above,  and  for  a  great  many  reasons. 
The  above  record  is  made  from  personal  examination.  Con- 
siderable rubber  is  shipped  from  Labuan.     No  automobiles  here. 

Manila  has  a  population  of  about  225,000,  including  about 
twenty  dentists,  viz. :  ten  Americans,  one  Englishman,  one  Ger- 
man, three  Spaniards  and  one  colored  man  from  America.  On 
the  other  islands  there  are  about  twenty  dentists.  The  city  di- 
rectory contains  the  names  of  fourteen  dentists,  among  them 
Mrs.  C.  Farinas,  Chu  Lai  Chenk,  Chu  Tze  Fung,  Kao  Zanchung, 
but  none  of  the  fourteen  have  any  special  "ads." 

Jose  Arevalo  (whom  we  had  the  pleasure  of  meeting),  the 
oldest  dentist  here,  has  retired  in  favor  of  his  son,   Bonifacio, 

33 


who  has  a  large  office  and  two  assisants.  In  the  reception  room 
he  has  curios  and  bric-a-brac  for  sale,  and  he  is  also  president 
of  "Paraluman,"  a  company  empowered  to  purchase  lands,  raise 
crops,  build  their  own  manufacturing  plants,  and  market  the 
products.;  he  is  sending  out  thousands  of  circulars  printed  in 
Spanish  and  Tagal  asking  for  stock  subscriptions  (similar  to  our 
style).  They  show  the  estimated  profit  of  the  company  will 
be  forty  per  cent. 


OFFICU   UF  DK.   STKPHFXS. 


We  present  a  picture  of  the  front  of  Dr.  Stephens'  office 
in  the  second  story  of  a  Spanish  building  on  the  Escolta — Main 
street. 

It  is  said  here  that  the  gods  prescribe  dog's  flesh,  snake 
stomachs,  verdigris,  dragon  bones,  and  powdered  oyster  shells 
for  the  toothache.  Some  native  dentists  can  do  soldering  with 
thin  cocoanut  oil  and  a  mouth  blow-pipe. 

34 


In  the  book  store  we  saw  Marshall's  and  Johnson's  text 
books,  and  in  drug  stores  Glycothymoline,  Listerine,  Sanitol. 

At  Watson's  drug  store  we  saw  the  best  supply  of  dental 
materials,  the  majority  of  which  were  from  the  S.  S.  White 
Co.  Here,  in  order  to  keep  engine  burs,  etc.,  from  rusting,  they 
put  them  in  special  glass  jars,  with  a  hollow  stopper  which  con- 
tains large  pieces  of  lime  to  absorb  any  moisture  present. 


OFFICE  OP  DR.   MARSHALL. 

The  writer  had  a  pleasant  visit  with  Dr.  John  S.  Marshall, 
the  well-known  author  and  examining  and  supervising  dental 
surgeon,  U.  S.  A.,  who  is  doing  so  much  good  for  our  profes- 
sion and  the  army.  He  has  been  here  for  twenty  months,  and 
has  a  fine,  well  equipped  office,  in  which  he  is  carrying  on  a  work 
which  should  be  heartily  supported  by  all.  He  kindly  fur- 
nished us  with  a  set  of  blanks,  such  as  are  used  by  the  army 
dental   corps. 

In  the  army  outfit  we  noted  Ransom  and  Randolph's  swag- 
ing device  for  crowns,  etc. ;  Cogswell's  rubber-dam  holder, 
Ames'  cement,  Butler's  pluggers  and  carborundum  point,  and 
Varney's  pluggers. 

The  Bureau  of  Science  has  a  few  dental  books,  and  regu- 
larly receives  dental  journals  gratis,  which  are  bound  and  pre- 
served as  a  nucleus  for  a  library  for  a  future  dental  college. 

There   is   a    dental   society   here   which   meets    about   every 

35 


month.  ]\Iost  of  the  natives  and  some  of  the  Americans  are 
members  of  it. 

A  Hmited  amount  of  dental  instruction  is  given  in  the  San 
Jose  medical  school,  in  the  Spanish  language,  and  under  the 
dental  law  those  who  pass  the  examinations  are  entitled  to  prac- 
tice in  provincial  towns  where  no  other  Americans  are  located. 

What  Dr.  Ottofy  has  done  in  Manila.  In  1904,  when  he 
was  at  the  Dental  Congress  in  St.  Louis,  he  made  appeals  to 
dealers  for  dental  supplies  to  equip  a  dental  infirmary  for  the 
poor  in  ]\Ianila.  In  this  Avay  he  secured  $800.00  worth,  and 
this  was  supplemented  by  some  of  his  own  outfit  and  a  donation 
bv  Dr.  Xewberne.  The  clinic  depended,  for  a  time,  on  the  sis- 
ters of  St.  Paul's  Hospital,  where  it  was  installed  May  i,  1905. 
For  a  time  all  income  was  passed  to  the  sisters,  and  they  paid 
a  very  small  salary  to  a  native  assistant  who  worked  forenoons. 
Later  the  clinic  became  self-supporting,  and  the  hospital  only 
housed  the  clinic  free  of  charge,  and  now  there  is  a  small  sur- 
plus, which  will  be  used  to  purchase  further  equipment. 

Xo  charge  is  made  for  treatment  or  extraction,  but  for  oth- 
er operations  a  very  small  charge  is  made  (if  a  patient  can 
pay),  but  eighty  per  cent,  of  the  patients  pay  nothing,  and  the 
average  charge  for  each  operation  is  about  twenty-five  cents. 

From  ]\Iay  i.  1905,  to  X'ovember  30,  1909,  including  the 
sub-clinic  at  Billibid  prison,  opened  June  22,  1906,  and  visited 
by  the  assistant  every  Friday  afternoon,  the  operations  num- 
bered 11,779;  operations  at  the  prison  were  free,  but  some  of 
the  prisoners  paid  small  sums  from  their  own  funds.  The  serv- 
ice has  proved  to  be  valuable  to  the  government  by  creating  a 
healthier  condition  among  the  prisoners,  and  thus  increasing 
their  usefulness.  Dr.  Ottofy  has  asked  the  authorities  for 
$170.00  with  which  to  purchase  an  equipment  (from  The  S.  S. 
White  Co.)  for  an  office  in  the  prison,  and  he  also  asks  them  to 
pay  a  small  salary  to  a  native  assistant.  ^Ir.  George  N.  Wolf, 
Director  of  Prisons,  informed  Dr.  Ottofy  (Xov.  11,  1909)  that 
he  favors  his  proposal,  and  that  $170.00  will  be  expended  in  an 
outfit,  etc.,  as  has  been  suggested.  There  is  a  young  man  in 
prison,  convicted  for  a  long  term,  who  was  an  assistant  to  a 
dentist,  but  he  was  misled  by  older  persons  and  joined  a  band 
of  outlaws,  and  they  were  caught ;  he  could  help  do  the  dental 
work  and  thus  lessen  its  expense. 

Billibid   prison  is   the   only   substantial   one   on   the   islands, 

36 


and'  to  it  all  persons,  sentenced  to  a  period  of  years  from  any 
of  the  islands,  are  sent,  and  the  inmates  vary  from  three  to  four 
thousand. 

Dr.  Ottofy  took  up  the  matter  of  instituting-  free  dental 
service  in  the  public  schools  with  the  Secretary  of  Public  In- 
struction, who  is  in  favor  of  the  project.  The  consent  of  the 
Superintendent  of  Schools,  and  the  Director  of  Public  Health 
must  also  be  obtained. 

His  plan  to  get  an  outfit,  is  to  furnish  part  himself  and 
ask  for  donations,  and  with  a  small  cash  surplus  from  St.  Paul's 
clinic,  to  purchase  the  rest.  Cement,  amalgam,  gutta-percha, 
etc.,  will  be  donated  by  manufacturers  in  the  United  States. 
The  above  equipment  will  be  placed  in  one  of  the  schools,  and 
services  will  be  rendered  to  such  children  as  are  willing  to  re- 
ceive them,  viz. :  treatments,  plastic  fillings,  instructions  in  hy- 
giene, and  extracting  after  school  hours.  In  1902  he  found  in 
12,458  teeth  of  school  children,  that  3,485  were  carious,  and 
that  the  sum  total  of  dental  services  rendered  to  these  children 
consisted  of  three  fillings,  two  amalgam  and  one  gold. 

Thus  far  Dr.  Ottofy  has  not  received  any  pay  for  his 
services  in  doing  part  of  the  work  and  supervising  the  rest,  but 
he  gets  satisfaction  from  the  fact  that  one  thousand  people  year- 
ly get  relief  from  dental  lesions  through  his  intervention,  not- 
withstanding they  think  the  Sisters  of  Mercy  at  the  hospital,  and 
the  benevolent  government  at  the  prison  are  the  ones  to  be 
thanked.  He  showed  the  writer  a  hollow  wooden  nose,  carved 
by  a  native  dentist,  but  it  was  a  failure  because  wax  was  used  to 
hold  it  in  place.  The  doctor  replaced  it  with  one  of  vulcanite, 
held  in  place  with  spectacles.  At  another  time  he  made  a  nose 
for  a  Chinaman,  who  sold  it  to  a  friend  who  had  also  lost  his 
nose.  Then  he  returned  to  the  doctor  and  asked  him  to  make 
another  one  free  of  charge.  In  another  case  he  made  a  nose  and 
lip  for  a  woman  who  had  not  been  out  of  the  house  for  twelve 
years.  The  natives  and  Chinese  are  very  fond  of  gold  in  the 
front  teeth;  the  dentists  and  jewelers  often  make  ornaments  for 
them,  viz.:  a  small  piece  of  gold  is  cut  into  V-shape  and  the 
points  are  slightly  rounded.  To  the  back  of  this  is  soldered 
two  very  thin  half  clasps,  so  that  when  it  is  crowded  in  between 
the  teeth  it  will  hold  its  place.  These  ornaments  can  be  changed 
about  the  mouth  or  loaned  to  friends  on  festive  occasions. 

The    custom    of    pointing   the    upper    incisors    is    prevalent 

37 


among  the  Negritos.  The  operation  is  performed  viz. :  A  block 
of  wood  is  placed  on  the  lingual  surface  of  the  tooth  and  the 
point  of  a  bolo  is  pressed  firmly  against  the  labial  surface  and 
then  the  bolo  is  struck  a  sharp  blow  with  a  stone,  so  that  a  cor- 
ner (approximo  incisal  angle)  of  the  tooth  is  broken  off,  and 
then  the  operation  is  repeated  on  the  other  corner  of  the  tooth. 
This  makes  the  six  front  teeth  look  something  like  a  saw. 
Many  have  this  done  for  "style,"  but  the  warriors  think  it  makes 
them  look  ferocious. 

The  Igorots  use  their  finger  dipped  in  sand  in  place  of  tooth 
brushes,  and  they  have  a  system  of  barter,  the  standard  being 
a  bundle  of  rice.  This  never  varies  in  value  and  represents  a 
certain  amount  of  food.  In  India  the  poorest  classes  use  Cowry 
shells  as  a  substitute  for  money ;  about  fifty  of  them  are  equal 
in  value  to  an  American  cent.  The  writer  purchased  some  in 
the  country  eight  hundred  and  forty  miles  from  Bombay. 

Dr.  Oliver  says  that  the  Moros  stain  their  teeth  black  with 
a  dye  made  from  cocoanut  milk  and  iron  filings.  Dr.  Sorber 
says :  "Betel-nut  chewing  seems  to  be  common  to  Christian 
and  Moro.  Among  the  latter  every  man  carries  in  his  girdle 
a  brass  box  containing  betel-nut,  tobacco,  lime  mixed  with  a  red 
substance  (said  to  be  oxid  of  iron),  and  leaves  from  a  kind  of 
pepper  plant  called  'Buyo.'  The  betel,  tobacco  and  lime  are 
folded  up  in  one  of  the  leaves  and  the  whole  inserted  in  the 
mouth.  The  saliva  takes  on  the  color  of  blood  and  the  teeth 
are  gradually  stained  darker,  until  in  old  age  they  are  prac- 
tically black.  The  Moros  have  a  fashion  of  grinding  the  labial 
surfaces  of  the  upper  incisors  concave  with  a  stone.  This  prac- 
tice seems  to  be  confined  to  males  over  twenty  years  of  ao-e. 
No  reason  for  this  mutilation  was  given,  except  that  it  was  the 
custom." 

The  germs  of  lockjaw  are  found  in  the  soil,  and  in  some 
parts  of  the  Philippines  the  disease  is  prevalent,  but  in  the  hu- 
man body  the  germ  can  only  develop  in  wounds  that  are  not  ex- 
posed to  the  air,  thus  punctured  wounds  are  the  most  danger- 
ous, and  they  should  be  opened  and  thoroughly  disinfected. 

The  Dental  Law,  enacted  January  lo,  1903,  provides  (in 
part)  :  That  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Health  shall  appoint 
a  Board  of  Dental  Examiners,  with  the  consent  of  the  Board  of 
Health,  consisting  of  three  reputable  dentists  who  are  gradu- 
ates from  dental  colleges,   recognized  by  the  National   Associa- 

38 


tion  of  Faculties  and  Examiners  in  the  United  States.  The 
Board  shall  issue  a  certificate  to  each  one  who  furnishes  proof 
of  receiving  a  diploma  from  a  legal  dental  college  and  in  addi- 
tion passes  an  examination  before  the  Board.  The  law  does  not 
apply  to  artisans  engaged  in  the  mechanical  construction  of  arti- 
ficial dentures  or  other  oral  devices,  nor  to  physicians  and  sur- 
geons in  legitimate  practice.  The  Board  can  refuse  to  issue  cer- 
tificates and  also  revoke  them  for  good  cause.  Penalties  at- 
tached vary  from  fines  of  twenty-five  to  one  hundred  dollars, 
and  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  ninety  days.  Board  of 
Examiners :  President,  H.  C.  Strong ;  Secretary  and  Treas- 
urer, A.  P.  Preston ;  Antonio  Vergel  de  Dros ;  all  residents  in 
Manila. 

One  of  the  coming  industries  on  the  islands  will  be  rubber 
and  gutta-percha,  as  the  demand  for  them  is  rapidly  increasing 
and  prices  have  doubled  during  the  past  ten  years.  The  cost 
of  starting  plantations  is  not  great ;  no  cultural  skill  is  required, 
and  the  best  land  in  the  world  for  the  purpose  can  be  had  here 
in  unlimited  quantities  at  two  dollars  an  acre. 

"In  Mindanao  rice  and  fish  is  the  principal  diet,  and  betel- 
nut  chewing  is  the  proper  salad  course.  Chewing  betel  is  a 
refined  practice  that  gives  the  teeth  the  appearance  of  having 
swallowed  a  bucket  of  red  lead.  The  male  popoulation  dress 
on  the  half  shell,  a  gee  string  and  a  cigaret,  proving  an  elab- 
orate uniform.  The  ladies  insist  upon  a  rational  costume,  and 
some  even  go  so  far  as  to  take  the  enamel  off  their  teeth." 

Canton,  a  very  old  Chinese  city,  with  a  population  of  about 
2,000,000,  has  no  European  dentist,  but  the  Europeans,  when 
they  want  any  dentistry,  generally  take  a  sail  of  ninety  miles  on 
the  Pearl  river  to  Hongkong.  There  are  numbers  of  native 
dentists  ranging  from  one  who  has  a  reception  room  with  pic- 
tures, embroidered  screens,  carved  furniture,  emblems  of  good 
luck  and  happiness,  down  to  the  one  who  has  a  four  by  six  re- 
ception room,  operating  room  and  laboratory  all  in  one,  opening 
onto  the  sidewalk  in  a  street  six  feet  wide.  The  latter  had  a 
basket  of  plaster  casts,  a  little  wax,  plaster  and  a  few  crude  tools, 
and  his  personal  appearance  corresponded  with  his  office.  His 
business  was  extracting  mostly,  but  occasionally  he  tried  to  make 
a  partial  "plate"  on  vulcanite.  Impressions  were  taken  with 
common  yellow  beeswax. 

There  are  no  licenses  issued  to  American   dentists  practic- 

39 


ing  in  Treaty  Ports  ;  the  dentist  simply  comes  and  opens  an  of- 
fice. There  are  no  restrictions  on  an  American  practicing  any- 
where in  China  if  he  has  a  diploma  from  a  reputable  American 
dental  college.  There  are  no  laws  or  regulations  governing 
anyone  who  practices  dentistry  here. 

In  China  a  large  amount  of  tin  is  beaten  out  into  foil,  to 
be  used  as  graveyard  money,  which  the  Chinese  burn  at  funerals 
to  give  the  dead  funds  to  establish  themselves  in  the  world  to 
which  they  are  going. 

Dr.  Faith  Sai  So  Leong  is  said  to  be  the  only  Chinese 
woman  who  has  ever  studied  dentistry.  Ten  years  ago  (when 
she  was  thirteen )  :\Irs.  E.  J.  Xickerson  of  San  Francisco  adopt- 
ed little  Sai,  who  spent  many  of  her  leisure  hours  in  the  labora- 
tory of  her  cousin,  who  was  a  dentist.  She  entered  the  Dental 
Department  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  at 
the  end  of  the  course  ranked  among  the  highest.  She  practiced 
in  San  Francisco  until  the  fire  of  1906.  which  destroyed  her 
office  and  equipment,  but  she  has  opened  another  office  in  Oak- 
land, Avhere  she  has  a  flourishing  practice. 

Mctoria,  the  chief  city  of  Hongkong,  an  island  owned  by 
the  English,  with  a  population  of  about  325,000,  has  five  Amer- 
ican dentists:  J-  ^^^  Xoble  ( Uni.  Pa.),  who  has  been  here  for 
twenty  years;  E.  Evan  Jones  (Uni.  Pa.)  for  six  years;  Mc- 
Kean,  Campbell  and  Smith  have  been  here  for  shorter  periods. 
Some  of  these  make  inlays  and  use  gas,  electricity,  and  com- 
pressed air,  and  each  is  a  law  unto  himself  so  far  as  fees  are 
concerned. 

There  are  six  Japanese  and  about  thirty  Chinese  dentists, 
who  work  for  any  price  they  can  get,  and  as  there  is  no  dental 
law  or  fee  bill,  anyone  can  try  their  hands,  as  proven  by  the  fact 
that  an  itinerant  dentist  (  ?)  goes  about  the  market  place  ex- 
tracting teeth  and  tying  them  to  a  string  around  his  neck,  and 
he  already  has  a  long  necklace.  The  city  directory  only  gives 
the  names  of  twelve  dentists,  and  among  them  are  Chaun. 
Chuckson,  To,  Tung,  Yamasaki.  Kwong  Sang  Hong  keeps 
dental  materials,  consisting  of  wax,  plaster  and  a  very  few 
teeth.  The  nearest  place  to  obtain  much  of  anything  is  at  Wat- 
son's in  ^lanila,  as  he  has  quite  a  line  of  White's  goods.  We 
saw  a  number  of  the  natives  wearing  gold  shell  crowns.  Here 
is  a  picture  of  a  Chinese  dentist's  sign  fastened  to  the  wall  out- 
doors.    It  shows  a  large  glass  case  containing  dental  specimens 

40 


and  a  colored  chart  of  a  dissection  of  the  fifth  pair  of  nerves. 
The  American  and  Chinese  flags  are  displayed  over  the  case. 


SIGN    OF    CHINESE    DENTIST. 

The  following  picture  shows  a  group  of  three  of  the  better 
class  of  Chinese  dentists. 

Nagasaki,  Japan,  with  a  population  of  about  170,000,  has 
five  dentists,  all  Japanese.  Kinzo  Moriyama  was  graduated 
from'  the  dental  college  in  Portland,  Oregon,  and  also  has  a  cer- 
tificate from  the  Dental  Board  of  Examiners,  same  state ;  one 
side  of  his  card  is  in  English,  and  the  other  Japanese,  and  he  is 
called  the  American  dentist. 

K.  Fujimoto  studied  dentistry  in  Tokio.  He  has  two  Mor- 
rison chairs,  three  foot  engines  (one  a  White),  a  fountain  cuspi- 
dor, a  large  assortment  of  instruments,  and  teeth  from  I.  Shiku- 
sawa's  porcelain  teeth  factory,  Nagoya,  Japan.  All  of  these 
teeth  are  diatoric,  and  some  of  them  are  a  shiny  black,  as  the 
custom  of  married  women  wearing  black  teeth  has  not  entirely 

41 


disappeared.     We  brought  a  set  of  these  black  porcelain  diatoric 
teeth  home  with  us. 

They  say  that  when  a  girl  gets  married  she  has  her  teeth 
stained  black.  We  saw  a  few  females  with  the  upper  and  lower 
front  teeth  black,  but  in  this  city  they  were  scarce,  so  the  style 
is  falling  into  disrepute,  or  else  there  are  very  few  married 
women  here.  A  dentist  here  said  they  painted  them  with  a  solu- 
tion of  iron  as  often  as  necessary  in  order  to  blacken  them,  and 
that  he  had  often  been  asked  to  blacken  them,  but  he  declined, 


CHINESE  DENTISTS. 

and  whenever  possible  he  refuses  to  mount  black  artificial  teeth. 
Among  his  teeth  were  several  sets  of  S.  S.  White's,  and  none 
of  them  were  black  such  as  they  formerly  made  for  Japanese 
trade. 

One  dentist  notes  in  his  "ad"  that,  "Only  up-to-date  instru- 
ments used."  He  showed  the  writer  a  lower  set  mounted  on 
celluloid,  but  said  vailcanite  was  generally  used.  Here  we  pur- 
chased a  finger  guard,  made  of  heavy  brass  in  cylinder  form, 
graduated  in  size  and  made  of  three  pieces  jointed  together,  to 
be  used  on  the  first  finger  of  the  left  hand  when  extracting  or 
filling,  so  that  if  the  patient  tried  to  close  the  mouth  they  could 
not  bite  the  dentist's  finger.     We  also  purchased  a   long  horn 

42 


handle  tooth  brush,  with  the  center  of  the  handle  cut  down  so 
thin  that  is  could  be  bent  into  half  a  circle  for  a  tongue  scraper. 
In  the  stores  we  saw  on  sale  Euthymol,  Calox,  Sanitol,  Colgate, 
Lyon's  dentifrices.  A  dentist  here  had  Hollingsworth's  crown 
and  bridge  system,  and  White's  swaging  apparatus. 

Kobe,  Japan,  has  a  population  of  about  275,000,  including 
two  American  dentists,  Drs.  Perl  and  Richmond,  who  were 
graduated  in  the  United  States,  and  one  native,  who  was  grad- 
uated from  the  dental  college  in  Portland,  Oregon,  and  about 
thirty  who  have  Japanese  licenses.  Dr.  T.  Asahina  was  born 
near  Kobe,  graduated  from  the  dental  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  California  in  1903,  and  has  a  certificate  from  the 
State  Board  of  Dental  Examiners,  practiced  in  San  Francisco 
until  the  earthquake,  when  he  lost  his  office  and  equipment,  then 
he  came  to  Kobe.  His  appointment  card,  viz,.  "Payment  is  ex- 
pected for  all  professional  services  as  soon  as  completed.  Pa- 
tients are  expected  to  keep  their  appointments  punctually  or  to 
give  twenty-four  hours'  notice,  as  the  hour  specified  will  be  re- 
served for  them,  and  necessarily  a  charge  must  be  made  for 
time  lost."  This  card  is  printed  in  English,  but  his  calling  card 
is  printed  in  English  and  Japanese.  He  calculates  to  make 
from  ten  to  fifteeri  yen  per  hour  (one  yen  is  fifty  cents,  U.  S.). 
Extracting  one  tooth,  two  and  one-half  yen ;  one  plastic  filling, 
five  yen ;  one  crown,  fifteen  yen.  He  was  in  St.  Louis  at  the 
International  Dental  Congress,  1904.  He  has  an  up-to-date  of- 
fice. Only  a  very  few  dental  goods  are  kept  here,  as  Osaka  is 
the  base  of  supplies. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  there  are  fifty  or  one  hundred 
fakirs  who  extract  teeth  and  try  to  make  "plates,"  but  they  are 
so  difficult  to  get  hold  of  and  prove  anything  against  them,  that 
nowithstanding  the  law  they  go  unpunished,  unless  they  injure 
a  patient  so  seriously  that  he  (or  she)  has  them  arrested,  and 
semi-occasionally  this  does  happen. 

Osaka,  Japan,  is  2,500  years  old,  and  has  about  900,000 
population,  including  about  seventy-five  native  dentists,  three 
of  whom  studied  in  the  United  States,  and  many  others  have 
diplomas  from  one  of  the  dental  colleges  in  Tokio.  One  of  the 
leading  dentists  is  Dr.  Nishimura  Sukezo,  who  is  president  of 
the  dental  society  which  has  about  fifty  members. 

Kioto,  a  former  capital  of  Japan,  is  1,100  years  old,  and 
has  about  360,000  population,  and  several  good  native  dentists 

43 


(about  sixty),  among  them  Dr.  T.  ]\Iotonaga,  who  attended  the 
International  Dental  Congress  at  St.  I<ouis  in  1904,  and  also 
Dr.  F.  Xoka,  who  has  opened  a  private  dental  school.  There 
is  also  a  dental  society  here.  Dr.  Motonaga,  who  was  formerly 
in  Honolulu,  has  a  license  from  the  Dental  Examiners,  signed 
by  J-  ^f-   Whitney,  formerly  of  Cleveland,  O. 

Kamakura,  the  ancient  capital  of  Japan,  fourteen  miles  from 
Yokahama,  has  a  population  of  1,600,  all  natives,  but  no  dentist. 
Anyone  requiring  dental  services  goes  to  Yokahama.  This  is 
the  home  of  the  colossal  bronze  statue  of  Buddha  (Diabutsu). 
cast  in  1252.  It  is  forty-nine  feet  seven  inches  in  height,  and 
ninety-seven  feet  two  inches  in  circumference,  and  has  a  mouth 
three  feet  wide  and  eyes  of  solid  gold. 

This  Buddha  is  a  immense  sitting  figure,  made  of  bronze 
plates  so  fitted  together  that  it  looks  as  though  it  were  carved 
by  a  sculptor,  and  forming  altogether  one  of  the  great  art  works 
of  the  world. 

The  world-famous  temples  of  Xikko,  Japan,  are  an  assem- 
blage of  Japanese  fine  art  works  which  are  more  beautiful  than 
all  others  in  the  Empire.  "Do  not  use  the  word  magnificent 
until  you  have  seen  Xikko,"  which  has  a  population  of  about 
3,000,  all  natives,  but  no  dentist ;  if  anyone  has  dental  operations 
made,  they  go  to  Tokio.  We  saw  a  few  wearing  gold  shell 
crowns. 

X'ikko  is  the  name  of  a  valley  which  contains  several  towns 
with  different  names.  It  is  two  thousand  feet  above  sea  level 
and  a  picturesque  summer  resort.  A  railroad  runs  through  the 
only  street,  not  to  accommodate  passengers,  but  to  haul  copper 
from  the  mines. 

Tokio  has  a  population  of  about  2,000,000,  not  including 
about  3,000  foreigners.  There  are  two  hundred  dentists,  who 
have  a  license  to  practice ;  twenty  of  these  are  good  and  the  rest 
fair.  There  are  no  native  American  dentists  here,  but  there 
are  thirteen  Japanese  who  were  graduated  from  American  den- 
tal colleges.  The  city  directory  contains  the  names  of  onlv  four 
dentists. 

Some  of  the  dentists  in  Tokio  have  their  cards  printed 
entirely  in  Japanese ;  some  entirely  in  English ;  some  have  Jap- 
anese on  one  side  of  the  card  and  English  on  the  other.  Dr. 
S.  T.  Teraki's  card  states.  "Practice  Limited  to  Orthodontia.'' 
He  graduated  in  the  United   States,   and   attended  Dr.   Angle's 

44 


Orthodontia  School.  He  is  the  only  one  we  met  who  practices 
this  specialty  alone. 

In  many  dental  offices  in  Japan,  we  saw  cigarettes  on  the 
reception  room  table,  and  it  is  the  usual  custom  for  them  to  serve 
visitors  with  a  tiny  cup  of  good  tea  and  delicate,  artistic  wafers. 

This  is  a  picture  of  a  native  Japanese  dentist  in  front  of 
his  office  and  residence  in  Tokio.  His  wife  has  tzvo  of  their 
children  on  her  back. 


JAPANESE  DENTIST  AND   FAMILY. 

There  are  several  dental  dealers  and  a  few  manufacturers 
in  Tokio,  but  probably  the  largest  is  the  Japan  Dental  Manu- 
facturing Co.,  which  is  a  combination  of  six  former  dealers. 
The  company  has  a  branch  in  Shanghai.  They  copy  our  chairs, 
instruments  and  appliances,  but  still  the  materials  produced  by 
White  and  Ash  are  in  demand  here. 

Dr.  Takayama,  dentist  to  the  Emperor  and  Empress,  stud- 
ied dentistry  with  Dr.  Vandenburg  of  San  Francisco. 

45 


Dr.  Ichinoi,  dentist  to  the  Emperor  and  Empress,  was  grad- 
uated from  the  Philadelphia  Dental  College. 

Dr.  S.  N.  Isawa,  dentist  to  the  Crown  Prince,  was  gradu- 
ated from  the  dental  department  of  Harvard  University. 

Dr.  S.  Shimura,  who  was  formerly  a  student  at  the  dental 
college  in  Cleveland,  and  later  was  graduated  from  the  Indiana 
Dental  College,  but  now  of  Tokio,  is  doing  the  public  great 
good  by  writing  articles  on  "The  Care  of  the  Teeth,"  for  The 
Ladies'  World  of  Japan.  Also  in  this  magazine  he  has  "Ques- 
tions and  Answers  About  Teeth."  Any  reader  sending  him  a 
question  finds  it  answered  in  the  next  issue.  In  one  of  the 
copies  we  saw  a  group  picture  of  the  doctor  and  his  wife  and 
son.  We  also  note  that  he  has  a  fine  practice  and  up-to-date 
ofiice,  and  has  patents,  viz. :  A  wire  frame  covered  with  gauze, 
to  be  worn  by  the  dentist  while  operating.  Pat.  in  Japan ;  Tooth 
brush  sterilizer,  Pat.  in  Japan ;  Casting  Metal  Cusps  for  Crowns, 
Pat.  in  U.  S. 

This  picture  shows  Dr.  Shimura  (at  the  left),  wife,  little 
son,  mother  and  servants,  in  front  of  his  office  and  residence, 
which  is  decorated  with  the  American  and  Japanese  flags,  in 
honor  of  the  visit  of  six  hundred  and  fifty  Americans  to  Tokio. 
The  doctor  was  Secretary  to  the  National  Commission  of  Japan 
for  the  fifth  International  Dental  Congress,  and  Secretary  of  the 
Tokio  Dental  Society. 

Fees  here  among  good  dentists  are  about  viz. :  Gold  crown, 
five  dollars ;  amalgam  filling,  two  dollars ;  Richmond  crown, 
eight  dollars. 

During  the  Russo-Japanese  (1904)  war,  about  ten  dentists 
were  employed  in  the  army  and  about  six  in  the  navy.  This  was 
the  first  time  Japan  had  employed  dentists  in  this  manner.  Dr. 
S.  Shimura  served  in  the  army  for  one  year  and  was  treated  as 
a  colonel  in  rank,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  the  Emperor  gave 
him  a  badge  of  the  sixth  order,  which  ranks  as  colonel,  and  the 
Japanese  are  to  treat  him  as  a  high  official  of  Japan.  Xo  fixed 
salary  was  paid  him,  but  he  asked  fees  for  operations  made  for 
the  soldiers,  and  in  one  year  they  amounted  to  two  thousand 
dollars,  which  was  paid  by  the  government. 

While  in  Tokio  we  had  the  honor  of  delivering  a  lecture 
before  the  Odontological  Society  of  Japan,  Dr.  Shimura  act- 
ing as  interpreter,  for  only  a  very  few  could  understand  Eng- 
lish.    He  also  in  a  happy  way  introduced  the  speaker,  and  be- 

46 


fore  adjournment  Dr.  Teraki  made  a  congratulatory  address.- 
Dinner  at  the  best  truly  Japanese  restaurant  in  Tokio,  closed 
a  memorable  day.  The  above  society  publishes  reports  in  pam- 
phlet form.     It  is  a  scientific  body  only. 

Dr.  Shimura  informed  me  that  his  father  was  the  founder 
of  the  first  dental  school  in  Japan.  Being  a  lawyer,  he  obtained 
the  assistance  of  his  friend,  Dr.  Ishibashi.  The  faculty  num- 
bered   three,    and    taught    general    anatomy,    physiology,    chem- 


DR.    S.    SHIMURA. 

istry,  pathology,  dental  pathology  and  therapeutics  to  about  fifty 
students.  The  school  was  closed  in  1895,  after  an  existence  of 
eight  years. 

About  1880,  Dr.  Takayama  of  Tokio  studied  dentistry  in 
the  United  States,  and  on  his  return  was  appointed  dentist  to 
the  Emperor.  In  1889  he  established  the  Tokio  Dental  Col- 
lege, which  about  eleven  years  later  passed  to  Dr.  Morinosuke 
Chiwaki,  the  present  owner  and  president. 

47 


The  college  publishes  a  catalog,  and  also  a  journal  in  the 
interest  of  the  college,  which  contains  the  "ads"  of  three  dental 
colleges  in  the  United  States,  and  several  manufacturers  of  den- 
tal materials,  among  them  The  S.  S.  White  D.  M.  Co.  has  four 


DR.   TAKAYAMA. 


DR.    LlirWAKI. 


pages.  Besides  these,  Colgate's  cream  and  Glycothymoline  are 
advertised.  The  United  States  office  for  "ads"  is  24  Stone  street, 
New  York. 

Most  of  their  text  books  are  issued  by  the  college  and  are 
printed  in  "Journal  style,"  and  consist  largely  of  translations 
and  "cuts"  from  United  States  dental  text  books  and  journals. 
This  holds  true  in  all  branches.  The  books  are  entitled,  "A  Sys- 
tem of  ^Modern  Dentistry."  Among  thirteen  subjects  taught,  we 
find  orthodontia  and  oral  surgery.  The  catalog  is  entirely  Jap- 
anese, but  some  of  the  "ads"  alluded  to  above  are  in  Japanese 
and  English. 

In  one  of  the  text  books  is  a  translation  (accompanied  with 
the  illustrations)  of  "The  Chemistry  of  Vulcanization  and  the 
Double  Vulcanization  ^Method,"  by  Dr.  G.  H.  Wilson  of  Cleve- 
land, O.,  which  he  wrote  for  the  American  Text  Book  of  Pros- 
thetic Dentistry. 

The  college  is  open  all  the  year  day  and  night,  except  Sun- 
day, and  a  few  days  in  the  summer  and  winter.  The  day  school 
has  about  two  hundred  students,  and  the  requirement  for  admis- 
sion is  graduation  from  a  middle  school.  (This  school  is  sim- 
ilar to  high  schools  in  the  United  States.)  A  student  can  enter 
any  time  and  begin  as  a  freshman,  and  at  the  end  of  three  years 
he  receives  a  certificate,  endorsed  by  the  president.  This  entitles 
him  to  practice  anywhere   in  Japan.     The  yearly  school   fee  is 

48 


twenty-five   dollars.     The  night   school  has  about  two  hundred 
students,  and  they  can  enter  any  time,  and  no  requirements  are 


TOKIO   DENTAI,    COLLEGE. 

necessary,  but  if  they  want  to  graduate  later  on,  then  the  time 
spent  in  night  school  is  not  counted.  This  night  school  grants 
no  certificates.     The  fee  is  fifteen  dollars  per  year. 


DR.    NAKAHARA. 

Dr.  Ichigoro  Nakahara  is  the  president  and  owner  of  the 
Japan  Dental  College  (Tokio),  recently  founded.  What  has 
already  been  noted  by  the  writer  about  requirements  or  no  re- 
quirements for  admission,  school  days  and  nights,  certificates, 
fees,   etc.,   at   Tokio   Dental    College   applies    equally   well    here, 

49 


except  that  graduates  must  pass  an  examination  before  the  Gov- 
ernment Board. 

This  school  has  about  three  hundred  students  and  seven- 
teen teachers,  among  whom  are  Drs.  Hara,  Suzuki  and  Okubo, 
graduates  from  United  States  dental  colleges. 


JAPAN    DENTAL    COLLEGE— TOKIO. 

The  New  Dental  Record  is  published  in  the  interest  of  the 
college  (all  in  Japanese  except  an  "ad"  of  a  dental  firm  in  To- 
kio),  and  is  the  official  organ  of  The  Nippon  Society  for  Dental 
Education,  the  Alumni  of  the  Nippon  Dental  College,  etc.,  and 
it  contains  articles  on  Dentistry,  Oral  Surgery  and  Medical  Mis- 
cellany by  members  of  the  Faculty,  as  well  as  translations  from 
writers  in  the  United  States. 

The  colleges  use  blanks  and  "cuts"  similar  to  ours  for  keep- 
ing the  "Patients'  Record,"  etc. 

Formerly  females  were  allowed  to  attend  the  dental  col- 
leges, but  at  present  they  are  not. 

DENTAL  LAW  OF  JAPAN,  GRANTED  MAY  iST,   1906. 

The  candidate  for  practicing  dentistry  must  secure  a  license 
from  the  Minister  of  the  Interior  Department  of  the  Japanese 
government,  and  they  must  possess  one  of  the  following  quali- 
fications : 

(a)  The  candidate  must  have  been  graduated  from  a 
dental  school  recognized  by  the  Minister  of  Education. 

SO 


(b)  Those  who  passed  the  examination  before  the  Dental 
Board  of  the  Educational  Department  of  the  Government. 

(c)  Those  who  have  been  graduated  from  recognized  den- 
tal schools  in  foreign  countries  or  possess  a  license  to  practice  in 
foreign  countries. 

Second.  The  following  persons  cannot  obtain  a  dental 
license : 

(a)  One  who  has  received  a  heavy  criminal  sentence. 

(b)  One  whom  the  Court  has  declared  a  financial  bank- 
rupt. 

(c)  Under  twenty  years  of  age^Deaf,  Dumb,  Blind. 
Third.     The  license  may  or  may  not  be  granted  to  those  per- 
sons guilty  of  medical  malpractice. 

Fourth.  In  the  Interior  Department  there  shall  be  a  book 
of  record  for  dental  licenses. 

Fifth.  Dentists  are  not  allowed  to  give  a  patient  a  pre- 
scription or  drugs  without  diagnosing. 

Sixth.  Dentists  must  have  a  record  book  and  keep  the 
name,  age,  address,  business,  name  of  disease,  and  their  treat- 
ment and  drugs  used.  This  record  must  be  preserved  for  ten 
years. 

Seventh.  Dentists  are  not  allowed  to  advertise  any  false 
fact,  or  use  any  words  to  make  his  ability  look  great,  or  to  men- 
tion that  he  has  any  secret  method  or  treatment. 

Eighth.  Dentists  may  organize  a  Dental  Association. 
(The  Minister  of  the  Interior  prescribes  the  rules  for  the  Asso- 
ciation, as  it  is  a  legal  body — The  Dental  Society  of  Japan — 
for  business  purposes.     The  society  has  about  ten  branches.) 

Ninth.  The  Dental  Association  can  offer  a  petition,  or 
make  answers  to  the  government's  questions  concerning  medical 
prophylaxis  in  dentistry.  (This  means  that  the  dentist  has  a 
right  to  say  what  constitutes  prophylaxis.) 

Tenth.  If  any  dentist  is  against  Act  2  (a),  (c),  his  license 
shall  be  taken  away  from  him. 

If  a  dentist  commits  a  criminal  offense  he  shall  be  arrested 
or  prevented  from  practicing  for  a  certain  length  of  time. 

Eleventh.  If  any  person  practices  dentistry  without  a  gov- 
ernment license,  or  offends  against  Nos.  5,  6,  or  7,  he  shall  be 
fined  not  more  than  one  hundred  yen   ($50.00). 

Very  recently  the  Tokio  Dental  College  has  been  recognized 
by  the  Minister  of  the  Educational  Department,  so  that  gradu- 
ates from  this  college  are  not  obliged  to  pass  a  government  ex- 
amination as  formerly.     Examination  began   in   1884. 

51 


There  are  about  960  dentists  in  Japan,  including  about 
twenty  United  States  graduates.  Besides  these  there  is  about 
the  same  number  who  were  in  practice  before  the  law  was  en- 
acted. 

Dentists  practicing  outside  of  Tokio  depend  largely  upon 
the  printed  transactions  of  The  Odontological  Society  for  their 
advancement  in  dental  science. 

Yokahama,  Japan,  has  a  population  of  about  300,000  na- 
tives, 3,000  Europeans  and  Americans,  and  6,000  Chinese.  The 
American  dentists  are:  A.  G.  Smith  (Phil.  Dent.  Col.,  1886), 
who  has  been  here  for  twenty-two  years.  He  was  originally 
from  Ashtabula,  Ohio.  M.  A.  Howe,  M.  D.,  came  here  from 
Oregon  twenty  years  ago.  E.  O.  Wolf  (Uni.  Calif.)  has  been 
here  for  several  years.  All  of  the  above  have  up-to-date  offices 
and  are  doing  well.  They  subscribe  for  the  Cosmos  or  Items 
or  Pacific  Dental  Journal.  They  use  their  own  judgment  in 
regard  to  fees.  There  are  about  thirty-five  Japanese  (all  kinds) 
dentists,  and  as  there  is  no  dental  depot,  they  send  to  Tokio  or 
San  Francisco  for  supplies.  The  law  requires  them  to  attend 
the  dental  society  here,  but  only  the  natives  comply  with  it. 

There  is  a  temple  here  dedicated  to  the  Buddhist  Goddess 
Kishimojiu,  the  mother  of  Demons,  and  it  is  customary  when 
a  child  is  sick  or  has  the  toothache  for  the  mother  to  pray  Kishi- 
mojiu for  a  cure,  and  when  the  cure  is  obtained,  thanks  are  given 
by  offering  some  pomegranates  to  the  Goddess  Mother. 

At  the  crematory  here  after  the  incineration — sometimes  the 
teeth  are  sent  to  the  former  home  of  the  departed,  and  the  ashes 
are  buried  in  the  place. 

The  custom  of  women  of  Japan  blackening  their  teeth  was 
in  vogue  in  920  A.  D.,  though  its  origin  is  not  clearly  known. 
In  the  medijeval  ages  the  custom  was  prevalent  among  the  cour- 
tiers and  samurai.  Many  warriors  of  the  Taira  clan  had  their 
teeth  blackened ;  so  did  Goritomo,  leader  of  the  Minamoto  clan, 
who  conquered  the  former.  The  practice  was  prohibited  in  the 
case  of  men  in  1870.  Formerly  every  married  woman  in  Japan 
had  her  teeth  blackened,  until  the  present  Empress  set  the  ex- 
ample of  discontinuing  the  practice,  but  occasionally  a  "black- 
toothed"  woman  can  be  seen — notably  in  the  small  cities  and 
towns — and  semi-occasionally  one  sees  a  "black-toothed"  man. 
Formerly  so  soon  as  a  girl  was  married  her  teeth  were  black- 
ened, her  eyebrows  shaved  off,  and  her  hair  was  done  in  maru- 

52 


mage.  The  first  custom  has  been  almost  discarded ;  the  second 
is  often  resorted  to ;  the  third  is  universally  in  vogue.  It  was 
considered  as  part  of  womanly  etiquette  that  a  wife  should  finish 
her  tooth-blacking,  which  was  to  be  done  twice  a  week,  early  in 
the  morning  while  her  husband  is  in  bed. 

Recipe  for  tooth-blacking :  To  three  pints  of  warm  water 
add  a  teacupful  of  sake  (wine  made  from  rice),  then  some  pieces 
of  red-hot  iron ;  let  it  stand  six  days,  then  there  will  be  a  scum 
on  top.  This  must  be  poured  into  a  small  teacup  and  placed 
near  a  fire,  and  when  warm  add  powdered  nut-galls  and  iron 
filings  and  warm  again.  The  liquid  (ohaguro)  is  painted  onto 
the  teeth  with  a  feather  or  soft  brush,  and  after  several  applica- 
tions the  desired  color  will  be  obtained. 

In  Tsuna,  when  there  is  a  young  bachelor  who  can  support 
a  wife,  his  friends  decide  which  girl  in  the  village  shall  occupy 
that  position,  then  they  try  and  coax  her  to  go  to  his  house,  but 
failing  in  this  method,  they  proceed  to  carry  her  to  their  friend's 
house  by  force.  Here  she  is  required  to  blacken  her  teeth  with 
ohaguro ;  if  she  refuses  one  of  the  men  blows  the  ohaguro  into 
her  mouth  from  his  own,  while  another  holds  her.  This  con- 
cludes an  engagement,  which  later  is  followed  by  a  formal  cere- 
mony. 

In  Japan,  the  saws  which  the  carpenters  use  have  the  teeth 
made  so  that  the  saw  cuts  when  you  pull  it  towards  you,  on  the 
same  plan  as  our  saws  for  separating  teeth.  Maybe  that  is  where 
our  dental  manufacturers  obtained  the  idea.  The  Empress  of 
Japan,  although  she  was  brought  up  and  educated  in  the  old- 
fashioned  way,  has  adopted  modern  ideas  with  great  ease.  She 
does  not  have  shaven  eyebrows  and  blackened  teeth  like  her 
predecessor  of  1801. 

All  Japanese  books  are  written  and  paged  from  right  to 
left,  and  the  reading  matter  appears  in  vertical  columns,  begin- 
ning to  read  at  the  top  of  the  first  right  hand  column,  and  when 
finished,  then  begin  at  the  top  of  the  next  column  at  the  left, 
and  so  on. 

Japan  produces  considerable  tin  ore,  mostly  obtained  from 
placer  mining.  When  in  Tokio  we  procured  a  good  sample  in 
a  store  where  nothing  but  minerals,  shells  and  fossils  were  kept. 

The  population  of  Honolulu  is  viz. :  Natives,  14,000 ;  Jap- 
anese, 12,000;  Chinese,  6,300;  Portuguese,  5,400;  Americans, 
English  and   Germans,   4,300.     There   are   nineteen   dentists,    all 

53 


Americans,  we  believe,  and  all  but  one  have  graduated  from 
dental  colleges.  Such  a  remarkable  condition  we  have  never 
found  anywhere  else. 

J.  AI.  Whitney,  formerly  of  Cleveland,  was  the  first  dentist 
here,  and  he  cam.e  in  1869,  about  one  year  after  graduating 
from  the  Pennsylvania  Dental  College,  and  for  fifteen  j^ears  he 
was  the  onlv  dentist  on  the  islands.     His  office  is  in  the  Boston 


OFFICE  OF  DR.    AXDERSON. 

block,  which  would  be  a  credit  to  any  modern  city,  and  the 
windows  of  the  operating  room  look  out  upon  the  finest  scenery 
we  have  ever  viewed  from  any  dental  office  window  in  our  cruise 
of  30,000  miles. 

Dr.  R.  W.  Anderson  was  the  second  dentist  who  came  here, 
and  we  present  a  picture  of  his  office  on  one  of  the  main  streets. 

The  latest  comer  is  Hugh  B.  Mitchell,  who  was  graduated 
from  the  dental  college  in  Cleveland,  1894.  His  office  is  in  the 
Young  block,  which  cost  $1,500,000. 

54 


Eight  islands  of  this  group  are  inhabited  and  the  combined 
population  is  about  150,000,  and  outside  of  Honolulu  in  the 
large  towns  there  can  be  found  one  or  two  dentists. 

The  Hawaiian  Dental  Association  meets  in  Honolulu  every 
three  months,  and  nearly  all  the  dentists  are  members,  but  only 
about  two-thirds  are  constant  attendants. 

All  the  dentists  have  some  journal.  We  saw  the  Summary, 
Cosmos,  Items,  Digest  and  Pacific. 

The  majority  have  well  equipped  offices,  using  electricity, 
compressed  air,  etc. 

The  territory  of  Hawaii  on  April  25,  1903,  enacted  a  dental 
law,  which  provides  (in  part),  viz.:  Licensed  physicians  and 
surgeons  may  extract  teeth   and  perform  surgical  operations. 

The  Board  of  Dental  Examiners  (3)  shall  be  appointed 
by  the  Governor,  and  consist  of  dentists  recommended  by  the 
Dental  Society  of  Hawaii. 

In  order  to  enter  practice,  one  must  be  graduated  from  a 
dental  college  and  also  pass  an  examination  before  the  Board, 
which  for  sufficient  reasons  can  revoke  a  license. 

Dental  operations  shall  not  be  performed  by  an  unlicensed 
person  under  cover  of  the  name  of  a  licensed  dentist. 

The  law  does  not  provide  for  artisans  doing  "mechanical 
work"  or  extracting — as  we  understand  it. 

Any  person  who  performs  an  operation  pertaining  to  den- 
tistry, for  the  purpose  of  advertising  business,  medicine  or  in- 
struments, whether  gratis  or  not,  shall,  upon  conviction,  pay 
a  fine  of  two  hundred  dollars.  Fines  for  other  violations  are 
$500.00. 

This  is  a  picture  of  a  wax  head  in  a  glass  case,  fastened  to 
the  wall  outdoors  as  a  dental  sign.  The  mouth  is  slightly  open, 
and  the  head  contains  "clock  work,"  so  that  seven  diifferent 
kinds  of  teeth,  from  good  to  bad,  are  shown  in  rotation  for  one 
minute  each,  and  so  it  goes  on,  so  long  as  it  is  kept  wound  up. 


DENTAL  SIGN— LOS  ANGELES. 

55 


DENTISTRY  IN  FOREIGN  LANDS. 

By  Henry  Lovejoy  Anibler,  M  S.,  D.  D.  S.,  M.  D. 
Cleveland,   O. 

\_Reprint  trom  The  Dentist's  Magazine.  Sept.  and  Oct.  igoS"] 

The  \\'hite  Star  Steamship  Arabic  left  Xew  York,  February 
6th,  1908,  under  the  management  of  Frank  C.  Clark,  with  six 
hundred  and  fifty  passengers,  bound  on  a  cruise  to  the  ]\Iediter- 
ranean  and  the  Orient,  and  taking  a  southeasterly  course,  arrived 
at  Aladeira,  a  province  of  Portugal,  in  eight  days.  Funchal,  the 
main  city,  beautifully  set  in  a  background  of  lofty  hills,  has  about 
50,000  inhabitants,  including  seven  or  eight  hundred  English,  but 
the  natives  generally  are  in  a  state  of  ignorance  and  superstition. 
Here  the  writer  called  upon  Jayme  De  Sa.  Surgeon  Dentist,  who 
had  an  office  on  the  ground  floor  in  a  building  fronting  on  a 
small  square  in  the  business  part  of  the  city ;  he  had  a  suite  of 
plainl}  furnished  rooms  and  a  modern  dental  chair ;  his  sign, 
which  was  about  ten  feet  long,  was  located  over  the  front  win- 
dows. According  to  the  laws  of  Portugal  no  one  can  practice 
without  passing  an  examination  in  the  medical  schools  of  Lisbon, 
Coimbra  or  Oporto. 

In  Gibraltar,  the  majestic,  the  impregnable  fortress,  the  key 
to  the  ^Mediterranean  and  to  the  commerce  of  nations,  now  owned 
by  the  British,  and  with  a  population  of  28,000,  we  saw  three 
denta-  signs,  and  one  was,  viz. :  "Barber — Shampooing — Teeth 
Extracted." 

The  island  of  ]\Ialta  is  the  home  of  the  invincible  'Tvnights 
of  ]\Ialta,''  and  a  bulwark  of  England's  naval  supremacy.  A'aletta 
is  the  principal  city  with  80,000  inhabitants :  a  large  number  of 
the  natives  are  ignorant  and  superstitious.  The  English  garrison, 
fleet  and  residents  number  about  15.000  and  they  seek  the  serv- 
ices of  the  dentist  much  more  than  the  ]\Ialtese. 

There  are  two  English  and  four  native  dentists  here.  The 
^Maltese  goldsmiths  and  artificers  are  justly  praised  throughout 
Europe.  In  a  museum  we  saw  some  small  pieces  of  gold  foil, 
which,  together  with  some  gold  idols  about  one  inch  long,  was 
taken  from  a  Phoenician  tomb  in  Italy :  these  pieces  of  foil  were 
irregular  in  form  and  covered  from  one-half  to  one  and  one-half 
square  inches,  and  were  about  equal  in  thickness  to  our  number 
thirtv  gold  foil.  Xo  one  can  practice  without  a  license  from  the 
government. 

56 


Athens  has  been  called  "The  eye  of  Greece,  mother  of  arts 
and  of  eloquence,"  and  has  about  150,000  inhabitants  who  for  a 
large  part  are  intelligent  and  cultured.  In  proportion  to  its  size 
and  wealth  Greece  exceeds  almost  every  country  in  liberality 
toward  education ;  thus  we  find  a  goodly  number  of  dentists, 
many  of  them  natives.  A  lady  who  was  a  member  of  our  "cruise," 
went  to  one  of  the  dentists,  who  proved  to  be  an  Englishman,  and 
he  treated  a  tooth  for  her  and  declined  any  fee,  saying,  "You  have 
good  American  dentistry  in  your  mouth  and  it  is  a  pleasure  to 
look  at  it." 

One  sign  we  saw,  viz. :  Dentiste  de  la  cour  Royale,  and  of 
the  Exposition."  Here  in  the  Florida  museum  are  a  few  speci- 
mens of  ancient  dental  instruments.  In  order  to  practice,  one 
must  pass  an  oral  examination  and  obtain  a  license  from  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Sanitary  Department.  There  is  no  dental  college 
here,  and  Athens  has  about  thirty  dentists,  mostly  natives. 

Our  next  stop  was  at  Constantinople,  which  sits  "at  the  meet- 
ing oi  two  seas  and  two  continents  like  a  diamond  between  sap- 
phires and  emeralds,"  with  a  population  of  1,125,000,  of  which 
one-half  are  Turks,  one-fourth  Greeks,  the  rest  being  Armenians, 
Jews  and  other  nationalities.  This  city  has  a  very  few  American 
dentists ;  among  them  are  Dr.  McLean  and  two  brothers  by  the 
name  of  Eaber.  Among  the  names  we  saw  on  dental  signs  were 
Gari,  Hayon,  Nathanson  and  Kyrakida.  We  saw  a  sign  about 
eight  feet  long  that  had  the  dentist's  name  in  the  center,  and  at 
one  end  a  picture  of  the  head  of  a  man  without  any  teeth,  and  at 
the  other  end  the  same  head  (mouth)  with  artificial  teeth,  on  the 
plan  of  before  and  after,  as  seen  in  patent  medicine  advertise- 
ments. Another  sign  about  ten  feet  long  had  the  dentist's  name 
in  the  center,  and  at  one  end  painted  forms  of  molar  teeth,  and  on 
the  other  end  forms  of  single  rooted  teeth.  My  Turkish  guide 
said  that  some  dentistry  was  taught  at  the  Imperial  medical 
school,  and  that  every  dentist  was  obliged  to  obtain  a  certificate 
from  these  authorities  before  he  could  practice ;  he  also  said  that 
some  of  their  people  went  to  Greece  to  study  dentistry.  If  a  for- 
eigner wishes  to  practice  here  he  must  first  apply  to  the  resident 
consul  from  his  country  and  present  to  him  his  diploma,  certifi- 
cate, or  whatever  documents  he  may  have  showing  his  right  to 
practice  where  he  came  from,  then  the  consul  sees  the  Turkish 
government  which,  after  much  delay,  red  tape,  etc.,  grants  to  the 
applicant,  through  his  consul,  a  permit  to  practice.     It  is  under- 

57 


stood  that  the  candidate  must  pass  a  short  examination  before  the 
Board  of  the  Imperial  Medical  School.  Constantinople  has  about 
sixty  dentists  of  many  grades  and  nationahties,  viz. :  German, 
French,  Italian,  Greek,  Hungarian,  Roumanian,  Armenian  and 
Jewish. 

Smyrna — the  lovely — is  the  chief  city  of  Asia  Minor  and  one 
of  the  oldest  cities  in  the  Orient.  It  has  a  population  of  225,000 ; 
among  the  names  we  saw  on  dental  signs  were,  Rialdi,  Gazel, 
Fazei,  Mangar  and  Barapati.  We  met  Dr.  N.  D.  Nicholaidis, 
American  Surgeon,  Dentist  and  Stomatologist  (of  the  Philadel- 
phia Dental  College  and  Hospital  of  Oral  Surgery,  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  U.  S.  A.)  Office  hours  9-11 :30,  2-4,  Sundays  and  Wednes- 
days excepted.  This  is  the  way  his  card — printed  in  English — 
reads ;  one  peculiarity  about  the  card  is  that  it  does  not  give  any 
street  or  number ;  perhaps  this  is  partly  accounted  for  by  the  fact 
that  he  has  always  resided  in  Smyrna  with  the  exception  of  five 
years  he  spent  studying  dentistry  in  the  United  States,  where  he 
became  a  naturalized  citizen.  There  being  no  street  address  is 
further  accounted  for  by  his  father,  who  is  dentist  to  the  King  of 
Greece — having  an  office  and  residence  at  the  same  place,  36 
street  of  Roses.  They  have  a  beautiful  suite  of  offices  furnished 
with  rugs — for  which  Smyrna  is  headquarters  for  the  world — oil 
paintings,  inlaid  wood,  bronzes  and  bric-a-brac,  but,  best  of  all,  a 
complete  modern  dental  equipment  from  the  United  States,  and 
they  are  the  only  ones  in  this  part  of  the  world  that  administer 
nitrous  oxid.  In  Smyrna  we  went  into  several  bookstores  and 
inquired  for  books  about  teeth,  but  the  only  thing  we  found  was 
an  elementary  physiology  printed  in  Arabic,  which  contained  a 
paragraph  which  said  there  was  a  certain  kind  of  plant  which 
grew  in  the  desert,  and  if  you  took  it  and  made  a  decoction  and 
used  it  on  your  teeth  they  would  never  ache  or  decay. 

We  also  visited  a  quack  dentist  on  a  side  street,  and  he  had 
two  small  rooms  into  which  it  was  only  one  step  from  the  side- 
walk, and  the  door  was  wide  open,  so  we  stepped  in  and  my  guide 
told  him  the  writer  was  a  dentist  from  the  United  States,  and 
then  asked  him  for  his  card,  which  has  in  the  center  a  "cut"  which 
shows  a  full  upper  denture  surrounded  by  extracted  teeth,  turn- 
keys, forceps,  hooks,  punches  and  lances ;  on  one  end  of  the  card 
appears  his  name  and  address  in  Turkish  and  French,  and  on  the 
other  end  it  is  in  Greek ;  he  had  three  common  kitchen  chairs,  in 
one  of  which  was  a  native  for  whom  he  was  making  a  partial 

53 


upper  denture,  and  on  the  floor  sat  another  who  just  had  a  tooth 
extracted,  and  on  the  wall  were  several  shelves  filled  with  plaster 
casts ;  evidently  he  only  extracted  teeth  and  made  vulcanite  work. 
When  my  guide  told  him  I  was  a  dentist,  he  said,  "What  do  you 
have  to  sell  ?"  The  guide  replied,  "Nothing,"  and  he  seemed  quite 
disappointed. 

Caifa  (Haifa)  in  Syria,  is  a  rather  uninteresting  place  of 
12,000  inhabitants,  half  of  whom  are  Moslems.  Here  we  only 
saw  two  dentists,  Alex.  A.  Tawil  and  L.  E.  Braun,  Zahnarzt,  who 
had  a  sign  which,  at  the  height  of  one  story,  was  suspended  and 
reached  across  the  street. 

Jafifa  (Joppa)  in  Palestine,  is  one  of  the  oldest  ports  in  the 
world  and  has  about  35,000  population,  two-thirds  being  Moham- 
medans ;  here  we  only  saw  a  very  few  dental  signs ;  among  them 
Mile.  Kariste,  Dentiste. 

Jerusalem — the  Holy  City — has  a  population  of  about  60,000, 
of  which  41,000  are  Jews,  7,000  Moslems  and  12,000  Christians. 
The  dentists  are,  viz. :  One  Armenian,  one  Greek,  one  Italian, 
one  Arab,  two  Germans  and  two  young  men  from  the  United 
States  who,  after  coming  here,  took  up  the  study  and  practice  of 
dentistry,  educating  themselves  as  well  as  they  could  by  studying 
"Harris'  Principles  and  Practice  of  Dental  Surgery,"  and  the 
Dental  Cosmos,  then  they  purchased  materials  and  went  to  work, 
as  there  is  no  law  preventing  anyone  from  opening  an  office,  still 
if  a  foreign  dentist  is  going  there  to  locate,  it  is  better  for  him  to 
apply  to  the  resident  consul  of  his  country,  and  request  him  to  see 
the  government  officials  and  obtain  permission  for  him  to  prac- 
tice. One  of  the  dentists  we  called  upon  was  a  German  and  he 
was  called  the  best  one  there ;  he  gave  us  his  card,  on  which  is 
printed  his  name  and  address  in  English  and  Arabic.  Among  the 
names  on  dental  signs  we  saw,  Retzlaff,  Bertoldi,  Kahnsky,  Brum- 
merich,  and  Susnitski,  who  has  his  daughter  as  an  assistant. 
Most  of  them  have  large  signs  varying  from  three  to  eight  feet 
in  length.  Here  is  a  field  for  a  good  American  dentist  and  his 
wife  (or  a  lady  assistant),  as  he  would  not  be  allowed  to  operate 
for  Mohammedan  women. 

Cairo,  the  capital  of  Egypt,  and  the  largest  city  in  Africa, 
has  a  population  of  700,000,  composed  of  Copts,  Fellahins, 
Berbers,  Jews,  Bedouins,  Nubians,  Armenians  and  35,000 
Europeans.  The  city  directory  contains  the  names  of  forty- 
five    dentists,    and    for    nationality    are,    viz. :     Two    i\merican, 

59 


three  English,  two  French,  six  Germans,  ten  Syrians,  seven 
Armenians  and  fifteen  Egyptians ;  in  this  enumeration  is  in- 
cluded two  Misses  and  one  Mrs.  Some  of  the  names  we 
saw  on  dental  signs  were,  viz. :  DeBons,  Gallery,  Demird-Sur- 
geon  Dentist,  who  had  a  sign  about  ten  feet  long,  and  Dr. 
Gatineau,  who  placed  in  a  drug  store  window,  for  an  "ad,"  a 
glass  covered  frame  about  ten  by  twelve  inches  which  contained 
twelve  macroscopic  sections  of  human  teeth  and  six  teeth  with 
gold  crowns.  Dr.  F.  H.  Henry,  a  graduate  of  the  Kansas  Gity 
Dental  Gollege,  is  located  here  on  Kasir  E  Nil,  and  is  doing 
well ;  he  said  that  in  order  to  obtain  a  permit  to  practice,  he 
went  to  the  American  consul  here  and  showed  him  his  diploma 
and  the  consul  gave  him  a  written  recommendation  to  the  head  of 
the  Sanitary  Department,  Dr.  W.  P.  S.  Graham,  an  Englishman, 
to  whom  he  presented  his  diploma  and  the  consul's  letter  of  rec- 
ommendation, and  then  he  granted  him  a  certificate  to  practice. 
Sabas  J.  Mohbat  and  his  brother  have  a  dental  depot  here,  which 
is  a  branch  of  one  they  have  in  Beyrout,  Syria.  Their  card  is 
printed  in  Arabic  and  English.  Their  father  opened  business  here 
forty-eight  years  ago,  keeping  a  large  line  of  hosiery  on  one  side 
of  the  store  and  dental  materials  on  the  other,  a  custom  which  the 
sons  still  maintain.  In  looking  over  their  stock  we  found  that 
most  of  it  was  from  Ash  &  Sons,  London,  with  only  a  few  things 
from  S.  S.  White  and  the  Consolidated  Mfg.  Gompany. 

The  writer  went  into  several  book  stores  and  inquired  for 
works  on  dentistry,  but  only  found  a  small  one  on  "Dental  Anat- 
omy," printed  in  French,  price,  sixty  cents ;  he  also  visited  the 
large  libraries  with  no  better  success;  in  fact,  the  librarians 
seemed  astonished  when  he  asked  for  such  books.  At  the  great 
Khedival  library  we  had  the  pleasure  of  meeting  the  librarian, 
who  was  a  German,  and  he  had  a  thorough  search  made,  but  in 
his  letter  to  us  of  a  later  date  he  said :  "I  am  sorry  to  see  that 
we  have  nothing  about  teeth." 

At  the  wonderful  Egyptian  Museum — a  building  of  the 
Greco-Roman  style,  which  cost  one  million  dollars-^can  be  found 
the  priceless  relics  of  antiquity ;  here  we  saw  a  large  granite  bust 
belonging  to  a  statue  representing  the  Pharaoh  Menephtah  (1368 
B.  G.)  ;  it  is  recorded  of  this  man  that  he  had  the  toothache  so 
much  that  he  was  a  very  bad  ruler ;  at  all  events,  we  have  his  pic- 
ture. We  also  obtained  a  small  terra-cotta  figure  about  one  and 
one-half  inches  long  which  is  gilded  on  one  side  with  thin  gold 

60 


leaf ;  the  figure  represents  the  body  of  a  man  with  a  jackal's  head  ; 
this  shows  that  he  was  a  nobleman  by  the  name  of  Amenophio, 
who  was  entombed  1700  B.  C  It  was  the  custom  to  place  in  the 
tombs  of  the  wealthy  a  variety  of  small  bric-a-brac,  jewelry,  etc., 
and  this  accounts  for  the  above  figure  being  discovered. 

Rome,  the  "Eternal  City,"  has  been  one  of  the  great  world 
centers  of  conquest,  religion  and  art  through  nearly  3,000  years, 
and  now  contains  about  464,000  population.  In  the  directory 
there  are  forty-five  who  are  classed  as  Mechanical  Dentists  and 
also  Surgeon  Dentists,  and  twelve  are  classed  as  Mechanical  Den- 
tists, and  the  names  of  the  latter  indicate  that  they  are  natives. 
Among  the  prominent  American  dentists  are  the  Drs.  Chamber- 
lain, the  eldest  of  whom  practices  for  several  months  yearly  in 
London.  Dr.  A.  T.  Webb  is  also  a  well-known  American.  Clara 
Bettman  and  Anna  Baum,  American  Dentist,  are  the  only  lady 
practitioners  so  far  as  we  are  aware. 

There  is  a  Medico-Surgical  Institute  which  gives  a  polyclinic, 
including  dental  treatment,  from  8  :30  to  9  :30  a.  m.  daily. 

A  private  practitioner  has  an  immense  sign,  viz. :  Dental  In- 
stitute and  Prosthetic  Dentistry.  Some  of  the  signs  are  from 
twelve  to  fourtee;n  feet  long. 

From  the  city  directory  we  copied,  viz. :     "Doct.   S , 

Dentist,  Treats  Maladies  of  the  Mouth  and  Teeth.  English 
spoken." 

"Doct.   A — ,  American  Dentist,  graduate  Pennsylvania 

College  of  Dental  Surgery." 

"M ,  Specialist  for  Teeth,  and  Artificial  Teeth."     This 

is  accompanied  with  three  "cuts,"  the  first  showing  an  edentulous 
mouth,  the  second  and  third  showing  artificial  dentures  in  place. 

"Cav.    M ,    Surgeon   Dentist,   Artificial   Teeth,   Crown 

and  Bridge-work,  Fillings  of  gold,  platinum,  and  porcelain — 
Operations  painless  by  electric  methods." 

Cav.  Prof.  Dr.  A.  Chiavaro,  Doctor  of  Dental  Surgery  of 
Philadelphia,  Professor  of  Dentistry  in  the  Royal  University  of 
Rome,  who  is  a  practitioner  here,  lectures  to  the  medical  students 
on  the  "Institutes  of  Dental  Science"  from  seven  to  eight  p.  m. 
three  times  per  week,  and  from  nine  to  twelve  a.  m.  every  Sunday 
he  gives  a  dental  clinic  for  the  poor  at  the  Polyclinic  on  Via-le-del 
Policlinico  outside  of  Porta  Pia.  These  clinics  consist  of  treating 
toothache,  neuralgia,  abscessed  teeth,  cleaning,  extracting,  giving 
good  advice,  and  if  there  is  need  for  fillings  or  prosthesis,  the 

61 


patient  is  told  to  come  to  the  doctor's  office  where  his  assistants 
— acting  on  his  advice — care  for  them  at  a  nominal  fee,  if  any. 
During  the  Polyclinic  hours  mentioned,  the  doctor  is  assisted  by 
several  medical  students,  as  there  are  often  fifty  or  sixty  patients 
present.  The  doctor  has  a  large  suite  of  offices  beautifully  fur- 
nished on  Via  Nazionale. 

At  the  Papa  Julio  Museum  we  saw  a  specimen  of  gold  work 
which  was  found  in  an  Italian  tomb  dated  about  400  B.  C. ;  it 
consisted  of  three  gold  bands  soldered  together  and  designed  to 
encircle  the  lower  left  first  and  second  bicuspid  and  first  molar ; 
the  band  for  the  molar  has  a  gold  pin  passing  through  it  bucco- 
labially  and  it  seems  to  be  riveted  in  place,  as  seen  through  a  glass 
door.  This  trio  of  bands  has  been  placed  in  the  left  side  of  a 
lower  jaw  without  any  teeth  on  that  side,  but  in  the  upper  maxilla 
of  the  same  side  there  are  some  teeth  which  close  upon  the  bands 
and  hold  them  in  place.  They  claim  this  is  the  skull  found  with 
the  bands.  That  part  of  the  Roman  Campagna  which  extends  to 
the  north  from  the  river  Tiber  to  the  Ciminian  Forest  and  the 
mountains  of  Tolfa  was  the  Southern  Etruria  of  antiquity.  There 
are  Etruscan  tombs  at  Cerveteri  and  Veii  dated  396  B.  C.  Cer- 
veteri  was  the  Caere  of  antiquity,  originally  named  Agylla  (Phoe- 
nician, circular  city),  a  place  of  very  remote  origin,  afterwards 
became  subject  to  the  Etruscans,  and  in  351  B.  C,  it  was  in- 
corporated with  the  Roman  state.  Numerous  tombs  have  been 
discovered  here  since  1829,  some  of  them  clustered  together  and 
hewn  in  the  rock,  while  others  stand  alone  in  conical  mounds  or 
tumuli.  In  some  of  these  tombs  specimens  of  ancient  dentistry 
have  been  found.  The  late  Dr.  Van  Marten,  of  Ohio,  practiced 
dentistry  in  Rome  for  several  years,  and  he  told  the  writer  that 
he  saw  some  specimens  of  dentistry  which  were  discovered  in 
these  tombs. 

In  Rome,  very  many  of  the  best  dentists  have  their  offices  in 
their  residences.  In  one  office  we  saw  nine  diplomas  and  certifi- 
cates in  fine  gilt  frames  hanging  on  the  wall  of  the  reception 
room. 

In  the  Profano  Museum,  which  is  a  collection  of  ancient 
sculptures,  there  is  depicted,  as  a  fountain  relief,  the  education 
of  the  young  Esculapius. 

In  the  Vatican  Museum  we  saw  a  marble  statue  of  Escula- 
pius, the  upper  portion  of  the  body  nearly  bare,  with  the  right 
hand  grasping  a  stafif  around  which  is  coiled  a  serpent ;  a  Roman 

62 


toga  is  draped  over  the  left  shoulder  partly  covering  the  middle 
third  of  the  body  and  the  knees. 

At  the  Capitoline  Museum  is  another  statue  in  black  marble 
— Nero  Antica,  black  Laconian  marble — which  is  very  rare ;  it  is 
posed  and  draped  the  same  as  the  one  described  above. 

In  Italy,  if  a  person  studies  for  six  years  and  graduates  as 
an  M.  D.  he  is  entitled  to  practice  medicine,  surgery,  or  dentistry. 
There  are  several  dentists  in  this  country  who  are  striving  to 
improve  the  condition  of  their  profession  by  getting  a  new  law 
passed  which  will  establish  a  dental  college  on  the  plan  of  Ameri- 
can colleges,  and  also  require  a  dental  student  to  study  dentistry 
as  a  specialty  and  graduate  at  the  dental  college. 

Naples  occupies  one  of  the  most  beautiful  sites  in  the  world, 
its  bay  having  been  an  object  of  praise  from  ancient  times  ;  it  has 
a  population  of  564,000,  including  ninety  dentists  among  whom 
are  no  Americans,  one  Englishman,  two  Germans,  one  who  has 
his  wife  for  an  assistant,  and  the  rest  are  mostly  natives.  The 
best  dentists  here  generally  have  offices  in  their  residences.  We 
saw  a  dental  sign  triangular  in  form  about  eight  by  nine  feet 
projecting  from  the  side  of  a  building;  another  sign  about  ten  by 
twelve  feet  was  painted  on  the  side  of  the  building  where  the 
dentist  had  his  office ;  another  sign  in  a  street  car  read,  viz. : 

Chevalier  G.  G ,  Dentist-Surgeon,  Director  of  the  Odontiary 

Reviezv,  Modern  Installation,  Electricity,  Artificial  Teeth,  Ameri- 
can Bridge-work.  An  M.  D.  told  us  that  a  dentist  was  giving 
a  few  lectures  to  medical  students  at  the  University  of  Naples. 

We  called  on  Dr.  Guerini,  Surgeon-Dentist  of  the  Surgical 
Clinic  of  the  University,  appointed  to  the  Royal  House,  editor 
of  the  Journal  L'Odonto  Stomatologia.  He  has  placed  in  the 
hands  of  the  National  Dental  Association  (U.  S.  A.)  his  Mss.  of 
the  history  of  ancient  dentistry,  together  with  photographs,  etc., 
of  ancient  dental  instruments,  etc.,  of  which  he  has  a  large  col- 
lection. The  Association  proposes  to  publish  this  history  very 
soon,  as  the  guarantee  list  of  seven  hundred  subscribers  at  five 
dollars  each  is  completed*  Dr.  Guerini  has  a  large,  beautiful  suite 
of  offices  and  several  assistants ;  one  room  is  for  a  clinic  for  the 
poor,  and  nobody  is  sent  away  without  having  received  attention. 
In  the  Doctor's  office  we  saw  life  size  bronze  busts  of  Drs.  W.  D. 
Miller  and  T.  W.  Brophy. 


♦This  history  has  been  published. 


63 


CLARK  S  annTal  cruise 

TO  THE 

MEDITERRANEAN 


AND   THE 


ORIENT 

GRANDEST  WINTER  TRIP  OF  ALL 


s.  s.   ''ARABIC'    16,000  TONS 

LEAVING  NEW  YORK,  FEB.  4.  1911 

(Repeated  February  3,  1912) 

71  DAYS,  INCLUDING  ALL  NECESSARY  EXPENSES 


FIRST  CLa.SS                       -—  d?    /I  fj  fj  ZHZ    UPWARD,  ACCORDING 
THROUGHOUT     Cp  T  U  U  XO    LOCATION 


VISITING 


SPAIN,    ALGIERS,    MALTA,    GREECE,    TURKEY,    THE   HOLY 
LANDS,    EGYPT,    ITALY    AND    THE    RIVIERA. 


ALSO   ^^^■^■^  AROUND   THE  WORLD  in  Fall  and   Winter  and 
TO  EUROPE  in  Spring  and  Summer. 

UNDER  THE  UNEXCELLED  TRAVEL  ARRANGEMENTS  OF 

FRANK  C.  CLARK, 

Particulars  from  Times    Building.    NEW    YORK. 

AKERS  &  FOLKMAN,  733  Euclid  Ave.,    CLEVELAND,  O. 


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